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. 2019 Jul 22;19:189. doi: 10.1186/s12935-019-0876-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 2 — Western blot analyses of caspases. a Western blot analyses of caspases (casp) -3, -8, and -9, cleavage in MiaPaCa-2, BxPc-3, SW1990 pancreatic cancer cells, and HPDE6-C7 immortalized human pancreatic ductal epithelial cells treated with VEDT for 0, 6, 12, or 24 h. β-Actin served as loading control. b Enzymatic activities of caspases-3, -8, and -9 in MiaPaCa-2 cells following VEDT treatment at indicated time points. Columns, means; bars, standard deviation (n = 4, *P < .05, **P < .01, and ***P < .001). c Effect of VEDT induction of apoptosis by pretreatment with covalent irreversible inhibitors of caspases-3, -8, and -9 (C3i, C8i, and C9i). Dimethyl sulfoxide served as vehicle control for each inhibitor. NS not significant. Columns, means; bars, standard deviation (n = 4, **P < .01 compared with untreated cells). d Immunohistochemical analysis of cleaved caspase-8 and cleaved caspase 3 in MiaPaCa-2 xenograft tumors. H&E, hematoxylin and eosin. VEDT treatment increased cleaved caspase-8 staining compared to vehicle (n = 5)