Table 1.

Group characteristics

	Discovery			Validation
	Control	PD	p value*	Control	PD	APD	p value*
Demographics
n	10	10		44	37	21
Age at inclusion (years)	59 ± 7	61 ± 8	p = 0.4	58 ± 10	57 ± 10	64 ± 7	p = 0.02
Sex (male/female)	6/4	7/3	p = 1.0	21/23	24/13	13/8	p = 0.26
Disease duration (months)	NA	37 ± 17		NA	36 ± 34	31 ± 23	p = 0.92
DM (no/yes)	NA	9/1		NA	31/6	14/7
CSF parameters
Gal-1#	5E+06 ± 4E+06	6E+05 ± 2E+06	p = 0.02	6961 ± 3475	6046 ± 2631	7133 ± 3795	p = 0.46
Total protein (mg/L)	468 ± 66	492 ± 54	p = 0.4	547 ± 644	530 ± 182	591 ± 273	p < 0.001
Gal-1/total protein (ng/mg)	NA	NA		17 ± 9	11 ± 5	14 ± 9	p = 0.003
α-Syn (μg/L)	NA	24 ± 9		NA	n = 37	n = 20	p = 0.60
					29 ± 12	30 ± 12
NFL (ng/L)	NA	1415 ± 528		NA	n = 37	n = 20	p < 0.0001
					1122 ± 639	4511 ± 3633
Total tau (ng/L)	NA	273 ± 150		NA	n = 37	n = 21	p = 0.55
					202 ± 71	260 ± 111
Phosphorylated tau (ng/L)					n = 37	n = 21	p = 0.92
	NA	58 ± 27		NA	48 ± 16	49 ± 15
Disease severity
Baseline
H&Y score	NA	n = 10		NA	n = 36	n = 21	p < 0.0001
		2 ± 0			2 ± 1	3 ± 1
UPDRS score	NA	n = 10		NA	n = 35	n = 21	p = 0.046
		22 ± 6			26 ± 13	33 ± 13
ICARS score	NA	n = 9		NA	n = 33	n = 16	p < 0.001
		2 ± 2			2 ± 3	10 ± 11
MMSE score	NA	n = 10		NA	n = 37	n = 20	p = 0.10
		29 ± 1			28 ± 2	27 ± 3
Follow-up
H&Y score	NA	n = 9		NA	n = 35	n = 14	p < 0.0001
		2 ± 1			2 ± 1	4 ± 1
UPDRS score	NA	n = 7		NA	n = 33	n = 11	p = 0.049
		28 ± 10			29 ± 13	37 ± 9
ICARS score	NA	n = 7		NA	n = 30	n = 11	p < 0.001
		2 ± 1			3 ± 3	12 ± 10
MMSE score	NA	n = 8		NA	n = 30	n = 11	p = 0.05
		29 ± 1			28 ± 3	26 ± 3

Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation

n number of samples, DM intake of dopaminergic medication at CSF collection, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, Gal-1 galectin-1, α-syn α-synuclein, PD Parkinson’s disease, APD atypical parkinsonism, NA not applicable, H&Y Hoehn and Yahr score, UPDRS Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, ICARS International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale, MMSE mini-mental state examination score

^#Units: in discovery cohorts, arbitrary intensity; in validation cohorts, ng/L

*Parameters were analyzed with Kruskal–Wallis test when data of the three groups was available. For comparisons between two groups Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test, except for sex, which was analyzed using chi-squared test; In italic p-value below 0.05