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. 2019 May 6;47(8):1815–1826. doi: 10.1007/s10439-019-02280-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Detection of outlier in vivo spectra was performed by calculating the minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) of the first three principal scores of in vitro spectra. For cartilage reference properties, the average scaled root mean square error (RMSE, a), average Spearman’s rank correlation (ρ, b), and the number of outliers (c) are presented as a function of relative MVE radii with and without cartilage thickness. In addition, the relationships between measured and predicted full-thickness proteoglycan (PG) content (optical density, OD) for calibration (in vitro, d), validation (in vitro, e), and test (in vivo, f) sets are presented.