Table 2.
Child, parent and family characteristics associated with trajectories of hyperactivity–impulsivity and inattention symptoms (n = 1374)
| Characteristica | Hyperactivity–impulsivity | Inattention | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 1080) | Chronic (n = 222) | Chronic declining (n = 72) | Low (n = 1097) | Chronic (n = 225) | Chronic declining (n = 52) | |
| Sex of the child (male), no (%) | 431 (39.9%) | 170 (76.6%) | 46 (63.9%) | 459 (41.8%) | 152 (59.6%) | 36 (69.2%) |
| Lifetime methylphenidate use, no (%) | 115 (10.6%) | 90 (40.5%) | 33 (45.8%) | 85 (7.7%) | 124 (48.6%) | 29 (55.7%) |
| IQ of the child, mean (SD) | 6.64 (3.93) | 6.70 (3.66) | 5.67 (3.60) | 6.88 (3.95) | 4.64 (3.06) | 5.0 (3.12) |
| Difficult temperament | 2.36 (1.53) | 2.77 (1.54) | 3.59 (1.97) | 2.44 (1.54) | 2.50 (1.65) | 2.90 (2.0) |
| Prenatal and perinatal factors | ||||||
| Premature birth, no (%) | 43 (4.0%) | 10 (4.5%) | 7 (9.7%) | 43 (3.9%) | 13 (5.8%) | 4 (7.7%) |
| Low birthweight, no (%) | 31 (2.9%) | 4 (0.5%) | 5 (6.9%) | 30 (2.7%) | 9 (4.0%) | 1 (1.9%) |
| Prenatal tobacco exposure, no (%) | 247 (22.9%) | 71 (32.0%) | 25 (34.7%) | 259 (23.6%) | 68 (30.2%) | 16 (30.8%) |
| Prenatal alcohol exposure, no (%) | 33 (3.1%) | 9 (4.1%) | 5 (6.9%) | 35 (3.2%) | 10 (4.4%) | 2 (3.9%) |
| Prenatal street drug exposure, no (%) | 10 (0.9%) | 9 (4.1%) | 2 (2.8%) | 12 (1.1%) | 5 (2.2%) | 4 (7.7%) |
| Perinatal social factors | ||||||
| Non-intact family, no (%) | 193 (17.9%) | 59 (26.6%) | 20 (27.7%) | 200 (18.2%) | 59 (26.2%) | 13 (25.0%) |
| Insufficient income, no (%) | 210 (19.4%) | 61 (27.5%) | 10 (13.9%) | 206 (18.8%) | 68 (30.5%) | 17 (32.7%) |
| Early motherhood (≤ 21-years), no (%) | 196 (18.1%) | 73 (32.9%) | 23 (31.9%) | 198 (18.0%) | 73 (32.4%) | 21 (40.38%) |
| Low maternal education, no (%) | 130 (12.0%) | 52 (23.4%) | 16 (22.2%) | 137 (12.5%) | 52 (23.1%) | 9 (17.3%) |
| Low paternal education, no (%) | 153 (14.2%) | 45 (20.3%) | 15 (20.8%) | 160 (14.6%) | 42 (18.7%) | 11 (21.2%) |
| Postnatal family factors | ||||||
| Family dysfunction, mean (SD) | 1.65 (1.40) | 1.80 (1.53) | 1.82 (1.42) | 1.65 (1.44) | 1.82 (1.31) | 1.76 (1.39) |
| Hostile–reactive parenting, mean (SD) | 1.0 (1.17) | 1.20 (1.22) | 1.32 (1.36) | 1.05 (1.18) | 1.06 (1.17) | 1.39 (1.40) |
| Over protection, mean (SD) | 4.52 (2.21) | 4.50 (2.19) | 5.02 (2.34) | 4.49 (2.22) | 4.81 (2.16) | 4.61 (2.41) |
| Consequential parenting, mean (SD) | 6.96 (1.38) | 6.85 (1.37) | 6.67 (1.39) | 6.96 (1.37) | 6.82 (1.37) | 6.64 (1.64) |
| Parental self-efficacy, mean (SD) | 8.99 (0.96) | 8.97 (0.89) | 8.86 (1.0) | 8.97 (0.95) | 9.06 (0.93) | 8.83 (1.07) |
| Perceived parental impact, mean (SD) | 8.52 (1.71) | 8.41 (1.76) | 7.76 (2.23) | 8.51 (1.70) | 8.29 (1.95) | 8.26 (1.97) |
| Mother–child interaction, mean (SD) | 9.67 (0.73) | 9.71 (0.58) | 9.73 (0.69) | 9.67 (0.72) | 9.78 (0.51) | 9.56 (0.97) |
| Parental psychopathology | ||||||
| Maternal adolescent antisocial behavior, mean (SD) | 0.75 (0.88) | 1.01 (1.0) | 1.06 (1.07) | 0.78 (0.91) | 0.93 (0.94) | 0.83 (0.95) |
| Paternal adolescent antisocial behavior, mean (SD) | 0.65 (0.92) | 0.82 (1.02) | 0.86 (0.82) | 0.65 (0.91) | 0.82 (1.05) | 0.91 (0.96) |
| Maternal depression, mean (SD) | 1.27 (1.21) | 1.68 (1.49) | 1.88 (1.56) | 1.30 (1.28) | 1.48 (1.23) | 2.25 (1.60) |
| Paternal depression, mean (SD) | 0.99 (0.95) | 1.04 (1.91) | 1.20 (1.29) | 0.98 (0.94) | 1.06 (0.93) | 1.39 (1.37) |
aBetween 1.9 and 11.6% missing data