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Serum levels of (A) indoxyl sulfate and (B) p‐cresylsulfate in patients with different CKD stages. ♯ P<0.05 vs. CKD stage 3 and 4; * P<0.05 vs. CKD stage 3, 4, and 5; § P<0.05 vs. CKD stage 3 and 4; £ P<0.05 vs. CKD stage 3, 4, and 5. Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) of an individual patient was calculated using modified MDRD equation. Stage 3: 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2; stage 4: 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2; stage 5: <15 mL/min/1.73 m2; HD, hemodialysis.
