. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 23.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2017 Aug 30;108(2):126–139. doi: 10.7547/15-186

Table 3.

Frailty and Falls by Foot Pain, Peripheral Neuropathy, and Foot Deformity versus No Foot Problem

Variable	Foot Pain >4 (n = 22)	Peripheral Neuropathy (n = 49)	Foot Deformity (n = 60)	≥2 Problems (n = 31)
Frailty category
Nonfrail	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
Prefrail	2.1 (0.52–8.6)	3.2 (0.99–11)	2.0 (0.72–5.4)	4.6 (1.2–19)
Frail	17.0 (1.6–181)^a	13.3 (1.4–132)^a	7.7 (0.86–68)^b	27.8 (2.6–298)^a,c
Weakness^d	17.9 (3.2–101)^a	6.5 (1.3–33)^a	6.2 (1.3–29)^b	11.4 (2.1–61 )^a
Exhaustion	9.7 (1.8–54)^a	5.7 (1.1–28)^a	3.9 (0.81–19)	9.1 (1.7–48)^a
Slowness	1.2 (0.31–4.8)	1.4 (0.45–4.2)	1.0 (0.38–2.9)	1.3 (.41–4.3)
Low activity	1.5 (0.34–7.0)	1.2 (0.30–4.6)	1.4 (0.40–4.9)	1.9 (.48–7.9)
Mobility-Tiredness Scale score ≤5	3.3 (0.84–13)	1.3 (0.45–3.9)	1.1 (0.45–2.9)	2.6 (.79–8.4)
Falls Efficacy Scale-International score >25	13.3 (3.1–56)^a	5.9 (1.8–19)^a	5.0 (1.6–15)^a	7.7 (2.2–27)^a
History of fall^e	2.6 (0.76–9.0)	2.4 (0.81–7.2)	1.0 (0.39–2.8)	2.1 (0.65–6.4)
Fall incidence (incidence rate ratio [95% Cl])^f	1.4(0.60–3.1)	1.4 (0.73–2.8)	1.3 (0.66–2.4)	1.5 (0.76–3.1)

Note: Participants with a foot problem can have more than one problem; the comparison group consisted of 27 participants with no foot problem. Odds ratios (95% Cls) are reported except where indicated otherwise, all adjusted for age.

Abbreviation: Cl, confidence interval.

Significantly increased (P < .05) odds versus those with no foot problem.

Linear trend over frailty categories: P < .05.

Linear trend over frailty categories: P < .01.

Fried criterion unintended weight loss odds ratio not defined due to no participants with weight lossandno foot problem.

History of at least one fall reported in the 6 months before baseline (eight participants missing fallhistory).

Incidence of falls during 6-month follow-up (eight dropouts missing fall incidence).