Fig. 1|. Distinct non-proliferative phenotype of gluten-specific CD4⁺ gut T cells.

a, HLA-DQ2.5-gluten tetramer (tet) staining in a patient with untreated CeD (UCeD) and a control subject with mass cytometry. b, t-SNE plots of total CD4⁺ gut T cells in an UCeD patient and a control subject. c,d, Expression of proteins on tet⁺/tet⁻ CD4⁺ gut T cells in an UCeD patient (c) and summarized for tet⁺ cells in the six merged patients with UCeD (d). CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte protein 4. e,f, Mass cytometry-derived (e) and RNA-seq-derived (f) log₂ fold-change expression of the indicated markers in tet⁺ versus tet⁻ CD4⁺ gut T cells of patients with UCeD and compared to CD4⁺ gut T cells of control subjects (Ctr.). n = 6 patients with UCeD, 7 controls, 5 experiments (a–e). g, RNA-seq-derived log₂ fold-change expression of the indicated markers in CD4⁺ gut T cells, differentially expressed in tet⁺ versus tet⁻ and versus CD4⁺ gut T cells in control subjects. n = 5 patients with UCeD, 4 control subjects, 2 experiments (f,g). h,i, Flow cytometry-derived Ki-67 expression in tet⁺/tet⁻ CD4⁺ blood and gut T cells of a gluten-challenged and UCeD patient, respectively (h), summarized for five gut samples, seven blood samples (four experiments) (i).