Table 1.

Key reference articles of this review

Ref no.	Cell type	Species	3D model	Intervention	Outcome parameters	Significance
[24••]	MLO-Y4	Mouse	Collagen gel embedded osteocyte with titanium plate	Cyclic stress	Cell morphology, Cx43 expression, viability, apoptosis, RANKL expression, effect of CM on BMC	First study to apply mechanical loading on 3D cultured MLO-Y4
[25••]	PHOC	Human	BCP μ-beads-guided	Oxygen level	Cell morphology, spatial distribution, viability, mineralization, osteocyte/osteoblast marker expression	In vitro model with low oxygen level and 3D structure for osteocytes, mimicking precisely in vivo environment
[15••]	PHOC, MLO-A5	Human (PHOC), mouse (MLO-A5)	BCP μ-beads-guided	Cyclic compressive loading, PTH treatment	Gene and protein expression of osteocytes, Ca2+ oscillation	1st model replicating in vivo human primary osteocyte response to mechanical loading. Useful model to evaluate therapeutic agents for bone diseases

CM culture medium, BMC bone marrow cells, PHOC primary human osteocytic cells, BCP biphasic calcium phosphate, μ-beads microbeads, PTH parathyroid hormone