Primary human renal tubule cell morphology varies as a function of substrate elasticity. Blue, DAPI, green, ZO-1. On softer substrates (A, 0.5 kPa, 1.0 kPa; B: Matrigel), renal tubule cells formed rounded colonies. On stiffer substrates (A: 10 kPa, 40 kPa, and B: Matrigel crosslinked with glutaraldehyde “Matrigel+GLA”), renal tubule cells formed more spread confluent monolayers. Scale bars = 20 μm. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole.