| FTIR |
spectrum-2, Singapore |
performed using KBr pellet within 4000–400 cm–1
|
|
13C NMR |
JEOL ECX400 |
performed at
a frequency of 100 MHz |
| XPS |
ESCA+, Omicron Nanotechnology, Oxford Instruments,
Germany |
performed at Al source (Kα radiation hν = 1486.7 eV) monochromator
at 15 kV and 20 mA |
| TGA |
Pyris6 TGA, The Netherlands |
operated in N2 atmosphere with flow and scanning
rates of 20.0 cm3 min–1 and 10 °C min–1, respectively, within 30–800 °C |
| DSC |
Pyris6 DSC, The Netherlands |
operated in N2 atmosphere with flow rate of 20.0 cm3 min–1 within 30–445 °C |
| XRD |
X’Pert PRO, made by PANalytical B.V., The Netherlands
using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5418 Å) |
operated at the scanning rate
of 2θ = 0.005° s–1 and angle of diffraction
from 2° to 72° |
| FESEM and EDX |
JEOL JSM-7600F having resolution
of 1 nm at 15 kV & 1.5 nm at 1 kV with the scanning voltage of 100 V to 30 kV |
2.9 kV and 30k× magnification |
