Table 2. Relationship between clinical manifestations and maternal death observed in a retrospective cohort study of Lassa fever in pregnancy conducted at Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria, January 2009–March 2018*.
| Sign or symptom | No. (%) |
p value | OR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All women, N = 30 | Women who survived, n = 19 | Women who died, n = 11 | |||
| Retrosternal pain | 19 (63) | 13 (68) | 6 (54) | 0.7 | 0.55 (0.12–2.6) |
| Vomiting | 18 (60) | 12 (63) | 6 (54) | 0.7 | 0.7 (0.15–3.2) |
| Headache | 16 (53) | 13 (68) | 3 (27) | 0.06 | 0.17 (0.03–0.89) |
| Fetal death | 17 (56) | 7 (36) | 10 (90) | 0.007 | 17 (1.8–>100) |
| Vaginal bleeding | 14 (46) | 6 (31) | 8 (72) | 0.06 | 5.8 (1.1–30) |
| Breast pain or engorgement | 13 (43) | 12 (63) | 1 (9) | 0.007 | 0.06 (0.01–0.56) |
| Difficulty swallowing | 12 (40) | 6 (31) | 6 (54) | 0.3 | 2.6 (0.56–12) |
| Sore throat | 11 (36) | 6 (31) | 5 (45) | 0.7 | 1.8 (0.39–8.3) |
| Abdominal pain | 10 (33) | 6 (31) | 4 (36) | 1 | 1.2 (0.26–5.9) |
| Cough | 10 (33) | 3 (15) | 7 (63) | 0.01 | 9.3 (1.6–53) |
| Extravaginal bleeding | 9 (30) | 0 (0) | 9 (81) | <0.0001 | >100 (0–>100) |
| Renal angle tenderness | 9 (30) | 6 (31) | 3 (27) | 1 | 0.81 (0.16–4.2) |
| Convulsions | 8 (26) | 1 (5) | 7 (63) | 0.001 | 31 (3–>100) |
| Oliguria† | 8 (26) | 1 (5) | 7 (63) | 0.001 | 32 (3–>100) |
| Preterm contractions | 8 (26) | 7 (36) | 1 (9) | 0.2 | 0.17 (0.02–1.6) |
| Jaundice | 7 (23) | 2 (10) | 5 (45) | 0.07 | 7.1 (1.1–47) |
| Deafness | 5 (16) | 3 (15) | 2 (18) | 1 | 1.2 (0.17–8.5) |
*Boldface indicates a statistically significant correlation between a sign or symptom and death (p<0.05 by χ2 or Fisher exact test for maternal death among women with a stated sign or symptom compared with women without that sign or symptom). OR, odds ratio. †Defined as <0.5 mL/kg/h for ≥6 h.