Table 1.
Case Reports and Case Series Identified
| Case (Reference) | LVAD (No. of Patients) | Pulse (Y/N) | Average Age, y | Heart Disease (No. of Patients) | GIB | Source of GIB | Type GIB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 142 | Incor | N | 45 | DCM | 1 | Small intestine | Pousse bleeding |
| 27 | HeartMate II | N | 73 | ICM | 1 | Gastric fundus | Trauma from LVAD device |
| 348 | ThermoCardiosystems, Inc. HeartMate | Y | 52 | ICM | 1 | Gastric ulcer | Ulcer |
| 411 | Incor | N | 65 | DCM | 1 | Distal small intestine | Angiodysplasia |
| 512 | Jarvik | N | 59 | ICM | 1 | Distal duodenal and proximal jejunum | Unk |
| 646 | Thoratec | N | 59 | ICM | 1 | Sigmoid | Unk |
| 713 | HeartMate II | N | 70 | ICM | 1 | Cecum | Angiodysplasia |
| 814 | Incor | N | 42 | DCM | 1 | Unk | Unk |
| 949 | HeartMate II | N | 59 | ICM | 1 | Stomach | Hemorrhagic gastritis |
| 1050 | ThermoCardiosystems, Inc. HeartMate | Y | 44 | ICM | 1 | Small intestine | Aortoenteric fistula |
| 1119 | Jarvik 2000 | N | 60, 51, 66 | ICM | 3 | Unk | Unk |
| 1216 | VentrAssist, HeartMate II, Jarvik | N | 52 | ICM (9), AS (1) | 2 | Unk | AVM (1) |
| Novacor, HeartMate XVE | Y | 54 | 6 | ||||
| 1333 | HeartMate (38), MicroMed (8), VentrAssist (9) | N | 55.1 | NR | 12 | Unk | Unk |
| HeartMate XVE (8) | Y | 55.7 | 3 | ||||
| 1410 | HeartMate II | N | 54.8 | ICM (24) | 8 only on HeartMate II | No sources (11), stomach polyp (2), esophageal erosion (1), GE junction (1), Dieulafoy lesions (1), Dieulafoy lesions vs angiodysplasia (1). Seventeen total bleeding episodes noted, with no source identified in 11 patients. | No sources (11), stomach polyp (2), esophageal erosion (1), GE junction (1), Dieulafoy lesions (1), Dieulafoy lesions vs angiodysplasia (1). Seventeen total bleeding episodes noted, with no source identified in 11 patients. |
| VentrAssist | N | 53.2 | |||||
| HeartMate XVE | Y | 53.2 | |||||
| 1515 | HeartMate II | N | 77 | ICM | 1 | Pylorus (1), mid–small bowel (1), fundus of stomach (1) | Ulcer (1), angiodysplasia (2) |
| HeartMate II | N | 71 | ICM | 1 | |||
| HeartMate II | N | 48 | ICM | 1 | |||
| 1640 | HeartMate II | N | 50.75 | ICM (18), DCM (13), CHD (1) | 5 | Unk | Unk |
| 1751 | Incor | N | NR | DCM (16), ICM (7), RCM (1) | 1 | Unk | Unk |
| 1843 | HeartMate | N | 51 | DCM (10), ICM (23) | 2 | Gastric (1), rest not mentioned | Unk |
| 1923 | HeartMate II | N | 42 | DCM (30), ICM (13) | 1 | Small bowel | AVM |
| 2044 | Thoratec (46) | Y | 62 | NA | 38 | Gastric and small bowel (8), mild gastritis (9), bleeding rectal ulcers (4), diverticulosis (8), pseudomembranous colitis (1), internal hemorrhoids (8) | Unk |
| HeartMate XVE (46) | Y | ||||||
| HeartMate II (40) | N | ||||||
| 2152 | HeartMate II | N | NR | NA | 13 | Unk | Unk |
| VentrAssist | N | ||||||
| 2232 | HeartMate II | N | 56.3 | ICM (33), DCM (40) | 24 | Unk | Unk |
| 233 | HeartMate II | N | 53 | ICM (17), idiopathic CM (17), DCM (3) | 5 | Unk | Unk |
| 2434 | HeartMate II | N | 40.4 | DCM (7), ICM (2) | 2 (HeartMate II) | Unk | |
| Thoratec PVAD | Y | Unk | |||||
| VentrAssist | N | ||||||
| 2553 | HeartMate II | N | 43 | ICM (13), DCM (13) | 3 | Unk | Unk |
| 2654 | HeartMate II | N | NR | NA | 23 | Upper GI tract (54%), lower GI tract (35%) | Gastric erosions (54%), ulcers/angiodysplasia (37%) |
| 2755 | VentrAssist | N | NR | NA | 24 | Unk | Unk |
| 2856 | Jarvik 2000 | N | 69 | DCM | 1 | Upper GI tract (1) | Gastric erosion (1) |
| 293 | VentrAssist | N | NR | DCM | 12 | Unk | Unk |
| Y | 3 | ||||||
| 3057 | HeartMate II | N | NR | DCM | 32 | Upper GI tract (17), lower GI tract (16) | Hemorrhagic gastritis (10), gastric AVMs (10), Mallory‐Weiss syndrome (2), diverticulosis (6), driveline erosion of the colon (1), sigmoid polyp (1), ischemic colitis (1), colocutaneous fistula (1), gastrocutaneous fistula (1) |
| 3157 | VentrAssist | N | 55 | DCM | 44 | Upper GI tract (22), lower GI tract (7) | Gastric erosions/ulcers (14), AVMs (8) |
| 3259 | HeartMate II | N | NR | DCM | 19 | Upper GI tract (1), lower GI tract (8), no definite source (4) | Unk |
| 3360 | HeartMate II | N | 52 | DCM (36), ICM (58), other (8) | 18 | Unk | Unk |
Abbreviations: AS, aortic stenosis; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; CHD, coronary heart disease; CM cardiomyopathy; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; GE, gastroesophageal; GI, gastrointestinal; GIB, gastrointestinal bleeding; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; N, no; NA, not available; NR, not reported; PVAD, paracorporeal ventricular assist device; RCM, restrictive cardiomyopathy; Unk, unknown; Y, yes.