Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Male and Female Subjects
| Male, n = 311 | Female, n = 82 | P Value | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data | ||||
| Age, y | 67.80 ± 9.53 | 67.76 ± 9.47 | 0.90 | NA |
| Weight, kg | 78.48 ± 14.26 | 68.81 ± 13.21 | <0.0001 | NA |
| Height, m | 1.72 ± 0.07 | 1.61 ± 0.06 | 0.003 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.46 ± 4.08 | 26.67 ± 4.74 | 0.90 | |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.91 ± 0.18 | 1.72 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 | |
| SBP, mm Hg | 119.74 ± 18.27 | 118.41 ± 19.34 | 0.69 | NA |
| DBP, mm Hg | 72.02 ± 10.78 | 69.39 ± 10.70 | 0.12 | NA |
| QoL score | 42.32 ± 20.91 | 54.18 ± 20.04 | <0.0001 | NA |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | ||||
| III | 265 (85.21) | 73 (89.02) | 0.09 | NA |
| IV | 44 (14.15) | 7 (8.54) | ||
| CHF etiology, n (%) | <0.0001 | 0.27 (0.16‐0.47) | ||
| Ischemic etiology | 173 (55.63) | 21 (25.61) | ||
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 138 (44.37) | 61 (74.39) | ||
| Medications, n (%) | ||||
| ACEI | 215 (69.13) | 65 (79.27) | 0.07 | 1.71 (0.95–3.07) |
| ARB | 57 (18.33) | 14 (17.07) | 0.79 | 0.92 (0.48–1.75) |
| β‐Blocker | 220 (70.74) | 63 (76.83) | 0.27 | 1.37 (0.78–2.42) |
| Diuretic | 294 (94.53) | 77 (93.90) | 0.82 | 0.89 (0.32–2.49) |
| Spironolactone | 63 (20.26) | 18 (21.95) | 0.74 | 0.9 (0.5–1.63) |
| Digitalis | 74 (23.79) | 33 (40.24) | 0.0029 | 2.16 (1.29–3.6) |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs | 108 (34.73) | 11 (13.41) | 0.0002 | 0.29 (0.15–0.57) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| DM | 89 (28.62) | 23 (28.05) | 0.92 | 1.03 (0.6–1.77) |
| HT | 143 (45.98) | 34 (41.46) | 0.46 | 1.2 (0.73–1.97) |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 46 (14.79) | 7 (8.54) | 0.14 | 1.86 (0.81–4.29) |
| History of AF, n (%) | ||||
| Paroxysmal AF | 34 (10.93) | 10 (12.20) | 0.75 | 0.88 (0.42–1.87) |
| Persistent AF | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NA | NA |
| 12‐lead ECG | ||||
| QRS duration, ms | 162.24 ± 25.98 | 168.25 ± 36.06 | 0.30 | NA |
| AF at baseline, yes, n (%) | 60 (19.29) | 10 (12.20) | 0.14 | 0.58 (0.28–1.19) |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LVEDD, mm | 71.21 ± 9.85 | 66.89 ± 9.41 | 0.0009 | NA |
| LVEF, % | 25.22 ± 6.48 | 25.30 ± 7.11 | 0.68 | NA |
| Left atrial diameter, longitudinal view | 47.91 ± 8.59 | 44.93 ± 10.75 | 0.02 | NA |
| Device type, n (%) | ||||
| CRT‐P | 119 (38.26) | 53 (64.63) | <0.0001 | 0.34 (0.2–0.56) |
| CRT‐D | 192 (61.74) | 29 (35.37) |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CHF, chronic heart failure; CI, confidence interval; CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; CRT‐D, CRT‐defibrillator; CRT‐P, CRT‐pacemaker; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; ECG, electrocardiogram; HT, hypertension; LVEDD, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not applicable; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OR, odds ratio; QoL, quality of life; SBP, systolic blood pressure.