Table 4. Summary of factors significantly associated with worse or better cognitive performance and/or faster or slower cognitive declinea.
| Factor | Performance | Decline |
|---|---|---|
| Worse performance or faster decline | ||
| Age at baseline | Global; MMSE | Global; MMSE |
| Anxietyb | Global | |
| APOE*4 carriage | Global | Global; MMSE |
| Body mass index | Global | |
| Depression, current | Global; MMSE | |
| Diabetes | Global; MMSE | MMSE |
| Health, poorb,c | Global; MMSE | Global |
| Hypertension | Global | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | Global | |
| Smoking, current | Global | |
| Smoking, past | Global | |
| Stroke | Global; MMSE | Global; MMSE |
| Better performance or slower decline | ||
| Alcohol, 1 drink/weekd | MMSE | |
| Alcohol, 2+ drinks/weekd | MMSE | MMSE |
| Cardiovascular disease | MMSE | Global; MMSE |
| Education | Global; MMSE | |
| Physical activity, vigorouse | Global; MMSE | |
aSignificant effects for at least 1 fully adjusted multivariable model (independent effects) are shown in bold font, and significant effects for only partially adjusted multivariable models are in normal font. Empty cells indicate no significant results. Global cognition was calculated as a composite of 4 neuropsychological tests, each representing 1 of 4 cognitive domains: memory, language, processing speed, and executive functioning. MMSE denotes Mini-Mental State Examination.
bNot included in fully adjusted models.
cVersus very good.
dVersus nil/minimal alcohol.
eOne or more times/week versus minimal activity.