Table 1.
Demographic and hospital characteristics of TAVR patients.
| Variables | Overall n = 10,883 | Development cohort n = 7,615 | Validation cohort n = 3,268 | P-value | Alive n = 10,493 | Deceased n = 390 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||
| Age | 81.0±8.5 | 80.9±8.6 | 81.2±8.4 | .316 | 80.9±8.5 | 82.2±7.9 | .002 |
| Female | 5,191 (47.7) | 3,649 (47.9) | 1,542 (47.2) | .496 | 4,972 (47.4) | 219 (56.2) | <.001 |
| Smoker | 3,250 (29.9) | 2,304 (30.3) | 946 (29.0) | .179 | 3,184 (30.3) | 66 (16.9) | <.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 7,142 (65.6) | 5,012 (65.8) | 2,130 (65.2) | .534 | 6,952 (66.3) | 190 (48.7) | <.001 |
| Known CAD | 7,798 (71.7) | 5,472 (71.9) | 2,326 (71.2) | .483 | 7,554 (72.0) | 244 (62.6) | <.001 |
| Prior MI | 1,411 (13.0) | 993 (13.0) | 418 (12.8) | .746 | 1,370 (13.1) | 41 (10.5) | .164 |
| Prior PCI | 2,110 (19.4) | 1,495 (19.6) | 615 (18.8) | .338 | 2,069 (19.7) | 41 (10.5) | <.001 |
| Prior CABG | 2,354 (21.6) | 1,640 (21.5) | 714 (21.9) | .736 | 2,304 (22.0) | 50 (12.8) | <.001 |
| Prior TIA/stroke | 1,455 (13.4) | 1,025 (13.5) | 430 (13.2) | .694 | 1,416 (13.5) | 39 (10.0) | .055 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 4,837 (44.5) | 3,376 (44.3) | 1,461 (44.7) | .736 | 4,652 (44.3) | 185 (47.4) | .247 |
| Carotid Artery Disease | 815 (7.5) | 547 (7.2) | 268 (8.2) | .070 | 803 (7.7) | 12 (3.1) | .001 |
| Prior PPM | 1,141 (10.5) | 799 (10.5) | 342 (10.5) | .993 | 1,112 (10.6) | 29 (7.4) | .055 |
| Prior ICD | 353 (3.2) | 246 (3.2) | 107 (3.3) | .953 | 346 (3.3) | 7 (1.8) | .134 |
| Elixhauser comorbidities | |||||||
| Heart Failure | 921 (8.5) | 640 (8.4) | 281 (8.6) | .767 | 862 (8.2) | 59 (15.1) | <.001 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 3,830 (35.2) | 2,700 (35.5) | 1,130 (34.6) | .391 | 3,721 (35.5) | 109 (28.0) | .003 |
| Hypertension | 8,759 (80.5) | 6,110 (80.2) | 2,649 (81.1) | .334 | 8,509 (81.1) | 250 (64.1) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 1,594 (14.7) | 1,133 (14.9) | 461 (14.1) | .310 | 1,555 (14.8) | 39 (10.0) | .010 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 3,154 (29.0) | 2,209 (29.0) | 945 (28.9) | .941 | 3,028 (28.9) | 126 (32.3) | .156 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3,812 (35.0) | 2,657 (34.9) | 1,155 (35.3) | .667 | 3,637 (34.7) | 175 (44.9) | <.001 |
| Anemia | 142 (1.3) | 92 (1.2) | 50 (1.5) | .206 | 139 (1.3) | 3 (0.8) | .470 |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 3,598 (33.1) | 2,534 (33.3) | 1,064 (32.6) | .479 | 3,471 (33.1) | 127 (32.6) | .875 |
| Coagulopathy | 2,430 (22.3) | 1,719 (22.6) | 711 (21.8) | .361 | 2,286 (21.8) | 144 (36.9) | <.001 |
| Liver disease | 279 (2.6) | 200 (2.6) | 79 (2.4) | .571 | 268 (2.6) | 11 (2.8) | .870 |
| Cancer | 399 (3.7) | 263 (3.5) | 136 (4.2) | .081 | 390 (3.7) | 9 (2.3) | .188 |
| Valvular disease | 267 (2.5) | 182 (2.4) | 85 (2.6) | .559 | 249 (2.4) | 18 (4.6) | .008 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorder | 292 (2.7) | 201 (2.6) | 91 (2.8) | .716 | 264 (2.5) | 28 (7.2) | <.001 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorder | 2,683 (24.7) | 1,832 (24.1) | 851 (26.0) | .030 | 2,487 (23.7) | 196 (50.3) | <.001 |
| Median household income (percentiles) | |||||||
| 0 to 25th | 2,323 (21.7) | 1,641 (21.9) | 682 (21.2) | .942 | 2,240 (21.7) | 83 (21.6) | .648 |
| 26th to 50th | 2,675 (25.0) | 1,869 (24.9) | 806 (25.1) | 2,583 (25.0) | 92 (23.9) | ||
| 51th to 75th | 2,723 (25.4) | 1,904 (25.4) | 819 (25.5) | 2,632 (25.5) | 91 (23.6) | ||
| 76th to 100th | 3,000 (28.0) | 2,093 (27.9) | 907 (28.2) | 2,881 (27.9) | 119 (30.9) | ||
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||
| Bed size | |||||||
| Small | 517 (4.8) | 345 (4.5) | 172 (5.3) | .257 | 498 (4.8) | 19 (4.9) | .991 |
| Medium | 2,054 (18.9) | 1,439 (18.9) | 615 (18.8) | 1,980 (18.9) | 74 (19.0) | ||
| Large | 8,312 (76.4) | 5,831 (76.6) | 2,481 (75.9) | 8,015 (76.4) | 297 (76.2) | ||
| Hospital location | |||||||
| Rural | 89 (0.8) | 62 (0.8) | 27 (0.8) | .970 | 85 (0.8) | 4 (1.0) | .369 |
| Urban non-teaching | 1,071 (9.8) | 746 (9.8) | 325 (9.9) | 1,025 (9.8) | 46 (11.8) | ||
| Urban teaching | 9,723 (89.3) | 6,807 (89.4) | 2,916 (89.2) | 9,383 (89.4) | 340 (87.2) | ||
| Hospital region | |||||||
| Northeast | 2,817 (25.9) | 1,991 (26.2) | 826 (25.3) | .615 | 2,725 (26.0) | 92 (23.6) | .004 |
| Midwest | 2,108 (19.4) | 1,486 (19.5) | 622 (19.0) | 2,040 (19.4) | 68 (17.4) | ||
| South | 3,919 (36.0) | 2,727 (35.8) | 1,192 (36.5) | 3,746 (35.7) | 173 (44.4) | ||
| West | 2,039 (18.7) | 1,411 (18.5) | 628 (19.2) | 1,982 (18.9) | 57 (14.6) | ||
| Transapical TAVR | 1,692 (15.6) | 1,182 (15.5) | 510 (15.6) | .935 | 1,603 (15.3) | 89 (22.8) | <.001 |
| Endovascular TAVR | 9,209 (84.6) | 6,449 (84.7) | 2,760 (84.5) | .780 | 8,907 (84.9) | 302 (77.4) | <.001 |
| Hospital complications | |||||||
| Stroke/TIA | 322 (3.0) | 234 (3.1) | 88 (2.7) | .312 | 286 (2.7) | 36 (9.2) | <.001 |
| AMI | 251 (2.3) | 177 (2.3) | 74 (2.3) | .903 | 215 (2.1) | 36 (9.2) | <.001 |
| PPM placement | 851 (7.8) | 602 (7.9) | 249 (7.6) | .638 | 831 (7.9) | 20 (5.1) | .055 |
| Conversion to SAVR | 18 (0.2) | 12 (0.2) | 6 (0.2) | .961 | 14 (0.1) | 4 (1.0) | .003 |
| Cardiogenic Shock | 411 (3.8) | 289 (3.8) | 122 (3.7) | .920 | 282 (2.7) | 129 (33.1) | <.001 |
| Cardiac arrest | 352 (3.2) | 248 (3.3) | 104 (3.2) | .887 | 247 (2.4) | 105 (26.9) | <.001 |
| Major bleeding | 287 (2.6) | 199 (2.6) | 88 (2.7) | .863 | 252 (2.4) | 35 (9.0) | <.001 |
| Vascular complications | 299 (2.8) | 217 (2.9) | 82 (2.5) | .351 | 251 (2.4) | 48 (12.3) | <.001 |
| AKI | 1,893(17.4) | 1,323(17.4) | 570 (17.4) | .953 | 1,672 (15.9) | 221 (56.7) | <.001 |
| Sepsis | 238(2.2) | 164 (2.2) | 74 (2.3) | .771 | 151 (1.4) | 87 (22.3) | <.001 |
Data are presented as Mean ± SD or n (%). Abbreviations: CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; MI, Myocardial Infarction; PCI, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; CABG, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; PPM, Permanent Pacemaker; ICD, Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator; SAVR, surgical aortic valve replacement; AKI, Acute Kidney Injury.