Table 4: Traumatic Brain Injury.

In this table, all studies in PubMed from 2006 to 2018 with intracerebral transplant to treat TBI are referenced. In summary, these studies show that stem cell transplant following TBI potentiates neurogenesis and reduces inflammatory cytokines, reactive astrogliosis, and edema. These effects act together to improve motor function and recover some cognitive function.

Author	Model	Cell type	Cell Quantity	Outcomes
Shen et al., 2016	CCI	mBM-MSCs	1×107 cells/mL	Increased number of GAP-43-positive fibers and synaptophysin-positive varicosity; suppressed apoptosis; release of GDNF; improved neurological function.
Deng et al., 2017	CCI	rBM-MSCs cultured with SDF-1	5 μl of cell suspension	Increase of BDNF, NGF, neuronal nuclear antigens; Increase of Brd-U-positive cells and hippocampal neurons; decrease of apoptosis and necrosis; reduced edema.
Harting et al., 2009	CCI	rNSCs	4×105 cells	Motor improvements but not cognitive recovery.
Gao et al., 2016	CCI	Fetal hNSCs	0.5×105 cells/μl	Decreased brain lesion volumes; reduced axonal injury; reduced microglial activation; increase in the brain M2/M1 ratio coupled with anti-inflammatory phenotype.
Haus et al., 2016	CCI	hESC-NSCs	2.5× 105 cells	Cognitive recovery without affecting either lesion volume or total cortical or hippocampal tissue volume; increase in host hippocampal neuron survival; differentiation of transplanted cells into mature neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.
Chen et al., 2017	CCI	Embryonic rNSCs overexpressin g BDNF	2×107 cells/mL	Increased expression of neurofilament 200, microtubule-associated protein 2, actin, calmodulin, and beta-catenin; neuronal survival; neurite growth; MAP2 expression in neuron-like cells differentiated from transplanted cells, but also in host cells after transplantation.
Ghazale et al., 2018	CCI	Neonatal mNSCs with DHA pretreatment	1×105 cells	Promoted neurogenesis; increase in glial reactivity and tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons; attenuated calpain/caspase activation
Sullivan et al., 2017	CCI	Adult mNSCs	5×104 cells	Reduced reactive astrogliosis and mi croglial/macrophage activation in the corpus callosum
Skardelly et al., 2014	CCI	Fetal hNPCs	1×105 cells	Transient functional and antiinflammatory benefits.
Bonilla et al., 2014	Weight drop	rBM-MSCs	2×106 cells	MSCs survived in the host tissue, and some expressed neural markers; no long-term differences in neurological outcome, lesion size and neurotrophin production.
Mastro-Martinez et al., 2015	Weight drop	rAD-MSCs	2×105 cells	Improved recovery of motor function; increased neurogenesis and cell density in the hippocampus.
Lam et al., 2017	CCI	rAD-MSCs	1.5×106 cells	Improved functional outcome; triggered earlier astrocytosis and reactive microglia; TBI penumbra higher cellular proliferation and reduced neuronal damaged; higher cellular proliferation and suppressed apoptosis in hippocampus; Attenuated proteolytic neuronal and glial cells injury biomarkers; up-regulation of six genes related to axongenesis (Erbb2); growth factors (Artn, Ptn); cytokine (IL3); cell cycle (Hdac4); and notch signaling (Hes1); 7,943 genes were differentially expressed.
Cheng et al., 2015	Weight drop	hUC-MSCs with WJ tissue	1mm3	Attenuated edema; reduced lesion volume; improved neurological function; promoted memory and cognitive recovery; increased expression of BDNF.
Tajiri et al., 2013	CCI	Notch-Induced hBM-MSCs	3×105 cells	Novel stem cell repair mechanism exerted by stem cells in the repair of the traumatically injured brain that involve their ability to harness a biobridge between neurogenic niche and injured brain site promoting long-distance migration of host cells and therefore promoting the endogenous repair mechanisms.
Shindo et al., 2006	CCI	mESC-NPCs	1×106 cells	Significant cholinergic differentiation; barely GFAP+ astrocytes within the grafts; presynaptic formations of graft-derived neurons; increase in neurotrophic factors.

CCI – controlled cortical impact; BM-MSCs – bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; mBM-MSCs – mouse BM-MSCs; GDNF – glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor; SDF-1 – stromal cell-derived factor 1; BDNF – brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NGF – nerve growth factor; rBM-MSCs – rat BM-MSCs; NSCs – neural stem cells; rNSCs – rat NSCs; hNSCs – human NSCs; hESC-NSCs – human embryonic stem cell-derived NSCs; mNSCs – mouse NSCs; DHA – decosahexaenoic acid; hNPCs – human neuronal progenitor cells; rADMSCs – rat adipose tissue-derived MSCs; hUCBs – human umbilical cord blood cells; G-CSF – granulocyte colony stimulating factor; hUC-MSCs – human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells; WJ – Wharton’s jelly; hBM-MSCs – human BM-MSCs; mESC-NPCs – mouse embryonic stem cells-derived neuronal progenitor cells