Table 5: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

In this table, promising pre-clinical studies were selected in PubMed from 2012–2017 which investigated stem cell therapy for ALS. Moreover, the clinical trials presented were selected due to 1) their recency and 2) their availability of published results. In summary, these milestone studies show that stem cell transplant in mouse models of ALS resulted in increased lifespan, improvement in motor neuron survival, and some motor function improvement. In humans with ALS, stem cells implants were shown to be safe, improved lifespan, and reduced disease progression.

Author	Model	Cell type	Cell Quantity	Outcome
Nizzardo et al., 2016	SOD1 G93A mice	iPSC-derived NSC	1×106 cells	Significant increase in life span.
Zhong et al., 2017	SOD1 G93A mice	NSC	2.5×105 cells	Significant increase in life span, great motor neuron survival
Srivastava et al., 2014	SOD1 G93A mice	NSC	Two injections of 1×105 cells	Transient improvement in motor function, total transplant cell death by 120 days.
	ALS patients, n=63	Autologous BM-MNC	Not Specified	Positive safety outcomes at 6 months
Oh et al., 2015	ALS patients, n=8	Autologous BMSC	Two injections of 1×106/kg cells	Positive safety outcomes at 12 months
Mazzini et al., 2015	ALS patients, n=6	hNSC	7.5×105 or 1.5 × 106 cells	Cessation of disease progression up to 18 months
Martinez et al., 2016	ALS patients, n=39	PBMNC	Not Specified	Increase in lifespan and improved Function Rating Scale scores.

iPSC – induced pluripotent stem cell; NSC – neural stem cell; BM-MNC – bone marrow mononuclear cell; BMSC – bone marrow stem cell; hNSC – human neural stem cel; PBMNC – peripheral blood mononuclear cell