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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jul 15.
Published in final edited form as: Birth Defects Res. 2019 Jan 29;111(12):797–811. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1460

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2.

Interaction of effects of ADHD and prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on CSF-corrected levels of choline-containing compounds (Cho) obtained with MRSI in anterior corona radiata (ACR) and ability of these levels to distinguish ADHD+PAE from ADHD-PAE. Children with ADHD are marked with diamonds and children without ADHD are marked with circles; children with PAE appear in red, children without PAE appear in green. Horizontal bars mark group means. (A) Comparing subjects with (N=10) and subjects without (N=13) PAE within the ADHD subsample, the former exhibited 26.7% lower Cho (p<0.0005). The blue dashed line represents the mean value for N=8 non-ADHD-PAE (i.e., healthy control) children. Note that Cho is below this control mean for all but one ADHD+PAE child. (B) Comparing subjects with (N=10) and subjects without (N=8) PAE within the non-ADHD subsample, the former exhibited only 3.5% lower Cho, a non-significant difference (p=0.741). Thus, the ACR Cho deficit appears specific to children with both PAE and ADHD.