TABLE 3.
MRSI Cho Sample Voxel Tissue Composition and Neurometabolite Levels
| Subgroup(N) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| +ADHD | +ADHD | +ADHD | -ADHD | -ADHD | -ADHD | |
| +PAE(10) | -PAE(13) | ?PAE(4) | +PAE(7) | -PAE(8) | ?PAE(2) | |
| Left+Right anterior corona radiata (ACR) | ||||||
| Gray matter, vol% | 13.8±5.6 (1.6–19.0) |
13.1±2.4 (10.2–16.2) |
13.8±2.1 (11.3–16.2) |
10.7±5.4 (4.7–20.3) |
8.4±3.5 (2.8–13.8) |
11.8±4.5 (8.6–15.0) |
| White matter, vol% | 85.2±5.5 (80.8–98.4) |
86.8±2.6 (83.2–86.8) |
86.0±2.3 (83.2–88.6) |
88.0±4.7 (79.7–92.4) |
91.1±3.6 (85.7–97.2) |
88.0±4.8 (84.6–91.4) |
| CSF, vol% | 1.0±1.4 (0–3.3) |
0.1±0.3 (0–2.8) |
0.2±0.3 (0–0.6) |
1.3±1.2 (0–2.9) |
0.6±1.0 (0–2.8) |
0.2±0.3 (0–0.4) |
| Cho, IU | 1.1±0.2 (0.9–1.6) |
1.5±0.2 (1.2–1.7) |
1.3±0.1 (1.2–1.5) |
1.4±0.2 (1.2–1.7) |
1.4±0.4 (0.9–1.9) |
1.4±0.3 (0.8–1.9) |
| NAA+NAAG, IU | 5.8±1.4 (4.0–8.2) |
6.3±1.2 (4.6–8.8) |
6.5±0.6 (5.9–7.3) |
6.3±0.3 (5.8–6.6) |
6.2±1.2 (3.8–7.8) |
6.3±0.8 (3.8–7.8) |
| Glu+Gln, IU | 9.4±2.1 (6.5–12.5) |
10.3±1.6 (8.2–13.8) |
9.1±0.9 (8.1–10.0) |
9.6±0.9 (8.7–11.1) |
9.2±2.2 (4.5–11.7) |
9.6±1.7 (4.5–11.7) |
| Cr+PCr, IU | 3.3±1.1 (1.4–4.9) |
3.7±0.6 (2.7–4.7) |
4.0±0.4 (3.6–4.6) |
3.8±0.5 (3.2–4.4) |
3.6±0.9 (1.7–4.4) |
3.7±0.7 (1.7–4.4) |
| mI, IU | 3.6±0.9 (2.2–4.7) |
3.7±0.7 (2.9–5.0) |
3.8±0.4 (3.4–4.4) |
3.3±0.4 (3.0–3.9) |
3.4±1.0 (1.6–5.0) |
3.4±0.8 (1.6–5.0) |
| Left+Right pregenual Anterior Cingulate Cortex (pACC) | ||||||
| Gray matter, vol% | 75.7±3.5 (70.3–81.7) |
76.5±2.7 (74.4–80.2) |
76.0±2.8 (74.4–80.2) |
73.9±4.7 (65.4–77.2) |
76.5±1.8 (72.9–78.3) |
79.4±1.4 (78.4–80.4) |
| White matter, vol% | 16.5±4.8 (10.2–25.8) |
14.6±3.7 (11.3–18.8) |
15.4±3.8 (12.0–18.8) |
19.5±3.2 (16.1–25.4) |
14.6±4.0 (9.8–20.3) |
12.6±2.5 (10.9–14.4) |
| CSF, vol% | 7.5±3.2 (1.4–11.7) |
8.8±2.9 (6.7–13.5) |
8.6±3.3 (6.7–13.5) |
6.6±2.4 (3.9–9.3) |
8.3±3.2 (1.9–11.7) |
8.0±1.0 (7.3–8.7) |
| Cho, IU | 1.3±0.2 (1.0–1.6) |
1.3±0.2 (0–3.3) |
1.2±0.2 (1.0–1.3) |
1.3±0.2 (1.1–1.6) |
1.3±0.2 (1.0–1.6) |
1.3±0.2 (1.0–1.7) |
In two-way ANCOVA, no significant main effect of ADHD (F(1,33)=0.6, p=0.446), trend-level effect of PAE (F(1,33)=3.2, p=0.087 trend), and significant ADHD-by-PAE interaction (F(1,33)=4.8, p=0.038), representing 26.7% lower ACR Cho in ADHD+PAE than in ADHD-PAE (post-hoc t(16.9)=−4.3, p<0.0005) but no significant difference between -ADHD+PAE and -ADHD-PAE (3.5%; t(10.9)=0.3, p=0.741).
+ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis; -ADHD = no ADHD diagnosis; +PAE = prenatal alcohol exposure; -PAE = no PAE; ?PAE = unknown if any PAE; vol% = percent by volume of tissue type in MRSI voxel; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; Cho = choline-containing compounds; NAA+NAAG = N-acetyl-aspartate+N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate; Glu+Gln = glutamate+glutamine; Cr+PCr – creatine+phosphocreatine; mI = myo-inositol; IU = Institutional Units. Values are numbers of subjects or subgroup-means±standard deviations (ranges)