Table 3: Left hemisphere voxels that, when damaged, significantly correlate with paraphasia type by task group.

Here we present left hemisphere parcels containing voxels that, when damaged, significantly correlate with paraphasia type (neologistic, phonemic, unrelated, semantically related) for each task group (CS, PNT). To do this, we parcellated the lesion images using the Johns Hopkins University atlas, which includes gray and white matter (Faria et al., 2012). We then extracted the maximum z-score of voxels reaching significance within each parcel (“Peak Z” in table) and reported the coordinates of the maximum voxel (“X Y Z Coord.”). We report areas within the significant cluster, as described in the VLSM methods. All analyses included lesion volume as a covariate. This table serves as a complement to Figure 4A.

Group	Paraphasia Type	Peak Z	X Y Z Coord.	Parcel (all left hemisphere)
CS	Neologistic^	4.91 4.73 4.67 4.43 4.19 4.08 4.00 3.76 3.76 3.76 3.76 3.71 3.50 3.33 3.33 3.17 3.05 2.55 2.33	−47 −14 30 −49 −24 33 −49 −10 35 −38 −32 43 −37 −36 38 −37 −60 −3 −39 −58 −4 −23 −54 19 −23 −56 19 −24 −57 18 −26 −56 17 −32 −20 38 −22 −35 35 −27 −49 21 −24 −50 21 −38 −52 21 −19 −47 28 −45 −52 −3 −26 −22 36	Postcentral gyrus Supramarginal gyrus Precentral gyrus Superior parietal gyrus Angular gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Fusiform gyrus Precuneus Superior occipital gyrus Cuneus Underlying white-matter, PTR Underlying white-matter, SLF Underlying white-matter, PCR Middle occipital gyrus Underlying white-matter, SCC Posterior middle temporal gyrus Posterior cingulate gyrus Posterior inferior temporal gyrus Underlying white-matter, SCR
	Phonemic^	None reached significance with AOS regression
	Semantically Related	4.33 4.19 4.09 4.09 4.02 3.94 3.81 3.75 3.58 3.44 3.12 2.65	−35 −51 10 −48 −33 3 −59 −24 −22 −59 −24 −23 −55 −28 1 −41 −36 1 −59 −27 −21 −36 −57 20 −55 −25 0 −43 −52 3 −50 −49 17 −30 −65 −4	Underlying white-matter, PTR Posterior superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Posterior middle temporal gyrus Underlying white-matter, SLF Posterior inferior temporal gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Angular gyrus Underlying white-matter, ILF & IFOF
	Unrelated^	4.78 4.70 4.46 4.36 4.31 4.19 4.16 4.04 3.92 3.41 3.30 2.98 2.97 2.90 2.78 2.74 2.63 2.63	−55 −56 −11 −48 −58 −8 −55 −49 −7 −67 −25 −20 −30 −34 11 −57 −58 −5 −40 −64 33 −50 −26 −25 −30 −27 3 −39 −69 37 −35 −31 −4 −64 −27 6 −30 −22 −2 −37 −52 11 −28 −70 17 −31 −40 8 −37 −20 1 −36 −18 1	Posterior inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Posterior middle temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Underlying white-matter, PTR Inferior occipital gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Underlying white-matter, RLIC Angular gyrus Underlying white-matter, ILF & IFOF Posterior superior temporal gyrus Underlying white-matter, cFX Underlying white-matter, SLF Superior occipital gyrus Underlying white-matter, tCC Superior temporal gyrus Posterior insula
PNT	Neologistic	None reached significance with lesion volume regression
	Phonemic	None reached significance with lesion volume regression
	Semantically Related	4.40 3.84 3.83 3.73 3.68 3.66 3.63 3.63 3.47 3.43 3.43 3.13 3.00 2.84 2.84 2.51 2.42	−64 −33 1 −29 −69 19 −55 −56 5 −47 −38 −14 −62 −33 2 −28 −69 19 −50 −17 −22 −42 −6 −28 −43 −58 28 −45 −35 −15 −43 −35 −13 −64 −19 2 −48 −45 4 −41 0 −27 −40 3 −25 −27 −64 15 −28 −66 16	Posterior middle temporal gyrus Middle occipital gyrus Inferior occipital gyrus Posterior inferior temporal gyrus Posterior superior temporal gyrus Superior occipital gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Angular gyrus Fusiform gyrus Underlying white-matter, ILF & IFOF Superior temporal gyrus Underlying white-matter, SLF Superior temporal gyrus pole Middle temporal gyrus pole Cuneus Underlying white-matter, PTR
	Unrelated	6.06 5.58 5.35 4.89 4.89 4.67 4.49 4.36 4.31 4.09 3.99 3.74 3.59 3.41 3.18 2.68 2.4	−43 −29 −11 −47 −32 −12 −50 −35 −14 −43 −11 −27 −41 −20 −19 −50 −17 −22 −49 −39 −9 −37 −25 −11 −53 −55 4 −42 1 −33 −51 −73 6 −36 −9 −17 −37 −36 −3 −37 −30 −3 −67 −29 2 −31 −50 11 −33 −2 −14	Underlying white matter, ILF & IFOF Posterior middle temporal gyrus Posterior inferior temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Underlying white matter, SLF Hippocampus Inferior occipital gyrus Superior temporal gyrus pole Middle occipital gyrus Superior temporal gyrus Underlying white matter, PTR Underlying white matter, RLIC Posterior superior temporal gyrus Underlying white matter, tCC Underlying white matter, UNC

^{^}= analysis included both lesion volume and apraxia of speech (AOS) as covariate

White matter abbreviations: cFX = fornix crescent; ILF = inferior longitudinal fasciculus; IFOF = inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; PTR = posterior thalamic radiation; PCR = posterior corona radiata; RLIC = retrolenctiular part of internal capsule; SCC = splenium of the corpus callosum; SCR = superior corona radiata; SLF = superior longitudinal fasciculus; tCC = tapetum of the corpus callosum, UNC = uncinated

Task group abbreviations: CS = Connected Speech Task Group (N=63); PNT = Naming Task Group (N=57)