Table 1.
Baseline Participant Characteristics
| Characteristic | CYP2D6-Guided (n = 235) |
Usual Care (n = 135) |
P- value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 58 ± 13 | 59 ± 12 | 0.465 |
| Sex, female | 156 (66) | 96 (71) | 0.348 |
| Race | |||
| White | 183 (78) | 80 (59) | |
| Black | 41 (17) | 44 (33) | <0.001 |
| Other | 11 (5) | 11 (8) | |
| Pain Management Indicationa | |||
| Back pain | 160 (68) | 74 (55) | 0.011 |
| Arthritis | 134 (57) | 76 (56) | 0.892 |
| Nerve Damage and/or Pain | 88 (37) | 31 (23) | 0.004 |
| Fibromyalgia | 43 (18) | 17 (13) | 0.152 |
| Head, neck, or face pain | 68 (29) | 15 (11) | <0.001 |
| Headaches (including migraines) | 61 (26) | 27 (20) | 0.195 |
| Cancer | 15 (6) | 11 (8) | 0.523 |
| Injury | 20 (9) | 5 (4) | 0.076 |
| Surgery | 10 (4) | 2 (1) | 0.147 |
| Trauma | 6 (3) | 3 (2) | 0.842 |
| Duration of pain | |||
| <1 year | 13 (6) | 18 (13) | 0.002 |
| 1-5 years | 90 (38) | 64 (47) | |
| >5 years | 132 (56) | 53 (39) | |
| Any Opioid useb | 215 (91) | 131 (97) | 0.047 |
| Tramadol | 84 (36) | 81 (60) | <0.001 |
| Hydrocodone | 68 (29) | 26 (19) | 0.040 |
| Codeine | 5 (2) | 6 (4) | 0.219 |
| Oxycodone | 84 (36) | 34 (25) | 0.036 |
| Other opioidc | 32 (14) | 8 (6) | 0.029 |
| Non Opioid Analgesic Use | |||
| NSAID | 133 (57) | 91 (67) | 0.041 |
| Acetaminophen | 41 (17) | 18 (13) | 0.298 |
| SSRI or SNRI | 116 (49) | 54 (40) | 0.082 |
| TCA | 17 (7) | 11 (8) | 0.749 |
| Gabapentin or pregabalin | 92 (39) | 58 (43) | 0.472 |
| Pain Intensity Composite | 6.50 ± 1.71 | 6.59 ± 1.86 | 0.615 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Depression | 126 (54) | 60 (44) | 0.089 |
| Anxiety | 95 (40) | 38 (28) | 0.018 |
| Other psychiatric disorder | 79 (34) | 24 (18) | 0.001 |
Mean ± SD or No. (%)
a
Patients could have had >1 indication for pain management
b
Some patients prescribed >1 opioid at baseline
c
Morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, buprenorphine/naltrexone