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. 2019 Jul 23;9:10628. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47188-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Map of Antarctica showing the locations of BAY05-c20 core (red dot), Antarctic deep and shallow ice cores and blue ice field (yellow dots) where the 1254 C.E. tephra has been found. Yellow field correspond to the reconstructed dispersal area of 1254 C.E. tephra addressed in this study. (B) Location of core BAY05-c20. Bathymetric data and land morphology from map SS 58-60/2 (Cape Hallett), original scale 1:250,000 edited by U.S. Geological Survey⁶⁰.