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. 2019 Jul 19;14:5503–5526. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S206899

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© 2019 Shahein et al.

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Molecular mechanism of targets of core nanoformulation (MSNTQ), and core-shell nanoformulations (MSNTQ-CS and MSNTQ-WA), and TQ in free form on brain cancer cells (SW1088 and A172), and normal brain cells (HCN2) after 48 and 72 hrs of incubation with cells.

Notes: caspase-3 activation in fold change measured by ELISA for all samples after 48 and 72 hrs of incubation with SW1088, A172, and HCN2 at IC50 concentration for each sample (A). Cytochrome c intracellular release in fold change measured by RT-PCR for all samples after 48and 72 hrs of incubation with SW1088, A172, and HCN2 at IC50 concentration for each sample (B). All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The differences are labeled with * (between the samples or time effect) at p<0.05 based on the least significant difference (LSD values). Non-significant differences marked as NS (between the samples or time effect). In case of caspase-3: solid-gray line indicates the significance between cell lines; the dashed-orange line indicates differences between incubation times. In case of cytochrome c: solid-orange line indicates NS between some linked samples together, the solid-olive line indicates significant differences between some linked samples together, and the dashed-orange line indicates the differences between some samples. The cells treated with IC50 concentrations of TQ, MSNTQ, MSNTQ-CS, and MSNTQ-WA. A significant difference was obtained between cell lines (SW1088 and A172, with LSD of 0.655 regarding the obtained mean values of the two groups).

Abbreviations: MSNTQ, MSNs loaded with TQ as core; MSNTQ-CS, MSNTQ coated with the shell consists of chitosan and stearic acid; MSNTQ-WA, MSNTQ coated with the shell consists of whey protein and gum Arabic; TQ, thymoquinone; SW1088, human astrocytoma brain cancer cells; A172, human glioma cells; HCN2, human cortical neuronal cells-2 employed as normal cells; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; IC50, the half maximal inhibitory concentration; SD, standard deviation.