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. 2019 Jul 23;9:10689. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47069-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Tat.AG and HIV-1 CRF02_AG isolates induced higher LTR transactivation and increased HAT activity compared to Tat.B and HIV-1 clade-B. (A,B) Levels of CAT enzyme (A) and HAT activity (B) in U38 cells treated for 48 h with Tat.AG or Tat.B (10 to 1000 ng/ml). HI-Tat: heat-inactivated Tat proteins. Comparative p-values, or p-values compared to cells treated with HI-Tat proteins are shown. (C–F) HAT activity in primary human monocytes (C,D) and MDM (E,F) exposed to HIV-1 CRF02_AG or clade-B for 6 to 24 h. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ^#P < 0.0001. (A–C,E) errors bars represent SD. (D,F) errors bars represent SEM.