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. 2019 Jul 17;11:181. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00181

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Copyright © 2019 Li, Chen, Zhang, Gao, Wang, Chen, Zhang, Mao, Leblanc, Behensky, Zhang, Gan, Yu, Zhu and Liu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Expression of inflammatory cytokines and neuronal apoptosis were significantly enhanced in hippocampal tissue after surgery. Hippocampal tissues were harvested on day 3 after surgery from the two groups. (A–E) mRNA expression of CXCL1 (A), CXCL2 (B), CCL2 (C), TNF-α (D) and IL-1β (E). Proinflammatory cytokine expression was measured by qRT-PCR. (F) Representative images of TUNEL assay in the CA1 of the hippocampus. Scale bar, 20 μm. (G) Quantitative analysis of TUNEL-positive cells. Red arrows point to representative TUNEL-positive cells. The cells were counterstained with 4’, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). (H) Protein levels of cleaved caspase-3. (I) Quantification of protein levels of cleaved caspase-3. Data are presented as means ± SEM; ^∗∗P < 0.01, ^∗∗∗ P < 0.001, vs. Control, Student’s t-test, N = 6 for all analyses.