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. 2019 Jul 17;10:1550. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01550

Table 6.

Primary outcome measure (parental stress): Standardized parameter estimates (and standard errors), t and p values, and 95% confidence intervals of multilevel models of intervention outcome predicted by measurement point (T2 and T3, deviations from T1), group [intervention (reference) and waitlist control group], control variable (PHQ-4 score at T1), and interaction variables (group by T2 and T3).

Interaction

Intercept T2 T3 Group PHQ-4 at T1 Group x T2 Group x T3
Primary outcome measure: Parental stress (PSQ)
- Parent-child relationship problems
β (SE) -0.16 (0.23) 0.15 (0.15) -0.13 (0.12) -0.06 (0.24) 0.07 (0.04) -0.20 (0.22) 0.01 (0.19)
t -0.72 1.03 -1.09 -0.23 1.64 -0.94 0.07
p 0.476 0.305 0.280 0.816 0.106 0.352 0.946
95% CI (-0.61, 0.29) (-0.14, 0.44) (-0.36, 0.11) (-0.53, 0.42) (-0.01, 0.15) (-0.64, 0.23) (-0.36, 0.38)
- Parenting problems
β (SE) 0.15 (0.24) -0.14 (0.11) -0.12 (0.13) -0.27 (0.25) 0.01 (0.04) 0.14 (0.17) -0.03 (0.20)
t 0.64 -1.23 -0.99 -1.06 0.32 0.83 -0.14
p 0.524 0.222 0.327 0.291 0.747 0.410 0.887
95% CI (-0.32, 0.63) (-0.36, 0.09) (-0.37, 0.13) (-0.77, 0.23) (-0.07, 0.10) (-0.19, 0.47) (-0.43, 0.37)
- Parental role restriction
β (SE) -0.72 (0.21) 0.02 (0.11) -0.24 (0.11) 0.59 (0.22) 0.15 (0.04) -0.16 (0.16) 0.02 (0.17)
t -3.45∗∗ 0.21 -2.21 2.71∗∗ 4.13∗∗∗ -1.00 0.13
p 0.001 0.837 0.031 0.009 <0.001 0.321 0.895
95% CI (-1.13, -0.30) (-0.19, 0.24) (-0.45, -0.02) (0.16, 1.03) (-0.08,0.23) (-0.47,0.16) (-0.32,0.37)

p < 0.10, p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001, SE, standard error; β, Standardized parameter estimate can be interpreted similar to Cohen’s d in case of dichotomous variables, and as Pearson r in case of continuous variables; CI, confidence interval; PSQ, parenting stress questionnaire; PHQ-4, Patient Health Questionnaire – 4.