Table 1.

History of titanium application to medicine and development of titanium alloys.

Year	Material	Circumstance	References
1940	Ti	Confirmation of equivalent biocompatibility as stainless steel and cobalt-chromium alloy with animal test	Bothe et al., 1940
1940	Ti	Success of smelting by Kroll process	Kroll, 1940
1948	Ti	Launching industrial production
1951	Ti	Confirmation of both soft and hard tissues compatibility with animal test	Leventhal, 1951
1957	Ti	Confirmation of non-toxicity with long-term implantation	Beder et al., 1957
1959	Ti–Ni	Development of shape memory alloy in USA	Buehler et al., 1963; Wang et al., 1965
1960	Ti	Excellent results in artificial joints	Williams, 1982a
1960's	Ti	Marketing as surgical implants in UK and USA
1970's	Ti−6Al−4V	Diverting aircraft material to orthopedic implants
1978	Ti–Cu–Ni	Trial of dental casting	Waterstrat et al., 1978
1980	Ti−5Al−2.5Fe	Development in Europe
1982	Ti	Development of investment material and casting machine for dental casting	Miura and Ida, 1988
1985	Ti−6Al−7Nb	Development in Switzerland	Semlitsch and Staub, 1985
1993	Ti−13Nb−13Zr	Development in USA
1993	Ti−12Mo−6Zr−2Fe	Development in USA	Wang et al., 1993
1996	Ti−15Mo	Development in USA	Zardiackas et al., 1996
1988	Ti−29Nb−13Ta−4.6Zr	Development in Japan	Kuroda et al., 1988
Around 2000	Ti−15Mo−5Zr−3Al	Development in Japan	Rao and Houska, 1979; Matsuda et al., 1997
Around 2000	Ti−6Al−2Nb−1Ta−0.8Mo	Development in Japan	Okazaki, 2001
2004	Ti−15Zr−4Nb−4Ta	Development in Japan	Ozaki et al., 2004
After 2000	β-metastable alloys based on TRIP and TWIP	Development in mainly China	Marteleur et al., 2012; Ahmed et al., 2016: Brozek et al., 2016; Zhan et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017; Lai et al., 2018