Table 1.

Pathogen fitness considering changes to host immune system.

	increase in pathogen fitness	decrease in pathogen fitness	no change
increase in host immunity		coxsackie virus in selenium deficient mice (Mus sp.) [13] avian malaria (Plasmodium relictum) in canaries (Serinus canari) with supplemented diet [7]
decrease in host immunity	copper deficiency in mice (Mus sp.) infected with coxsackie virus B3 [42]	simian immunodeficiency virus in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), decline in non-supplemented hosts [43]
no change	Staphylococcus aureus infection in mice (Mus sp.) with increased manganese [44]		micronutrient supplementation on humans with HIV [45]