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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 26.
Published in final edited form as: Chem Rev. 2018 Oct 3;118(24):11519–11574. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00038

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Two-step nucleation mechanism for (a) Boc-FF,65 (b) Aβ(16–22),70 and (c) Aβ(16–22)E22L peptides.71 Peptide particles are observed before the emergence of ordered fibers. Scale bars = 100 nm for (b) and 200 nm for (c). Reprinted with permission from Levin, A.; Mason, T. O.; Adler-Abramovich, L.; Buell, A. K.; Meisl, G.; Galvagnion, C.; Bram, Y.; Stratford, S. A.; Dobson, C. M.; Knowles, T. P.; Gazit, E. Ostwald’s rule of stages governs structural transitions and morphology of dipeptide supramolecular polymers. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5219. Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. Reprinted with permission from Hsieh, M. C.; Lynn, D. G.; Grover, M. A. Kinetic Model for Two-Step Nucleation of Peptide Assembly. J. Phys. Chem. B 2017, 121, 7401–7411. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. Reprinted with permission from Liang, C.; Ni, R.; Smith, J. E.; Childers, W. S.; Mehta, A. K.; Lynn, D. G. Kinetic intermediates in amyloid assembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 15146–15149. Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society.