Table 4. Muscle circumference.
| Variable | Group | Time (wk) | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 4 | 8 | 12 | ||||
| Right mid arm (cm) | PLA | 32.1 ± 2.2 | 32.1 ± 2.0 | 32.2 ± 2.1 | 32.0 ± 1.5 | Time | 0.028† |
| Group | 0.41 | ||||||
| PRO | 30.5 ± 2.9 | 30.7 ± 2.4 | 30.9 ± 2.1 | 32.8 ± 2.1 abc | G x T | 0.010† | |
| Left mid arm (cm) | PLA | 31.9 ± 2.1 | 32.0 ± 1.9 | 32.1 ± 1.6 | 32.2 ± 1.2 | Time | 0.008† |
| Group | 0.25 | ||||||
| PRO | 29.8 ± 3.0 | 30.4 ± 2.4 | 30.7 ± 2.3 a | 32.3 ± 2.1 abc | G x T | 0.033† | |
| Right mid thigh (cm) | PLA | 52.7 ± 3.2 | 52.1 ± 3.6 | 51.8 ± 3.2 | 51.9 ± 1.8 | Time | 0.074 |
| Group | 0.65 | ||||||
| PRO | 51.3 ± 4.0 | 50.7 ± 3.9 | 50.9 ± 3.2 | 52.6 ± 3.0 abc | G x T | 0.037† | |
| Left mid thigh (cm) | PLA | 52.6 ± 3.4 | 51.4 ± 3.3 a | 51.4 ± 2.9 a | 51.7 ± 2.8 | Time | 0.023† |
| Group | 0.75 | ||||||
| PRO | 51.1 ± 3.8 | 50.8 ± 3.3 | 50.8 ± 2.7 | 52.6 ± 3.0 abc | G x T | 0.036† | |
Values are presented as means ± standard deviations. All variables were analyzed by MANOVA. MANOVA analysis revealed overall Wilks’ Lambda group (p = 0.54), time (p < 0.001), and group x time (p = 0.06). Greenhouse-Geisser time and group x time interaction p-values are reported with univariate group p-values. * represents p < 0.05 from PLA.
a represents p < 0.05 difference from baseline
b represents p < 0.05 difference from wk 4
c represents p < 0.05 difference from wk 8
†Significant interaction or main effect, p <0.05