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(a) Survey XPS patterns of the pure NiO and SNM-8 samples; (b) Sn 3d spectrum of the SNM-8 sample; (c,d) Ni 2p3/2 high-resolution XPS spectra of the pure NiO and SNM-8, respectively; (e–i) O 1s high-resolution XPS spectra of the pure NiO, SNM-2, SNM-4, SNM-8, and SNM-12 samples, respectively.
