Table 2.

Cinnamic acid analogues and their biological activities or functions.

Name	Quinoa Part Used for Isolation	Biological Activity or Function	Ref.
Caffeic acid (17)	Seeds	-	[25,34]
		Antimicrobial activity	[29]
		Allelopathic effect	[30]
		Antioxidant activity	[31]
		Anti-apoptotic activity	[55]
		Inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase	[57]
Chlorogenic acid (18)	Leaves and seeds	-	[25,26]
		Antimicrobial activity	[29]
		Antioxidant activity	[31]
		Anti-diabetic activity	[56]
		Hemolytic activity	[58]
		Neuroprotective effects	[59]
		Anti-obesity activity	[60]
		Antihepatotoxic effect	[61]
		Antibiofilm activity	[62]
Cinnamic acid (19)	Sprouts and seeds	-	[34]
o-Coumaric acid (20)	Leaves and seeds	-	[25,26]
		Allelopathic effect	[30]
		Antioxidant activity	[31]
p-Coumaric acid (21)	Leaves and seeds	-	[27,63]
		Antilisterial activity	[64]
p-Coumaric acid glucoside (22)	Seeds	-	[35]
8,5′-Diferulic acid (23)	Seeds	-	[25]
Ferulic acid (24)	Leaves, sprouts and seeds	-	[27,34,35]
		Antimicrobial activity	[29]
		Anti-apoptotic activity	[55]
		Antioxidant activity	[65]
		Cholesterol-lowering activity	[66]
		Anti-thrombosis and anti-atherosclerosis effects	[67,68]
		Anti-inflammatory activity	[69]
		Anti-cancer activity	[70]
Ferulic acid 4-O-glucoside (25)	Flour	-	[33]
Isoferulic acid (26)	Seeds	-	[35]
		Antioxidant activity	[71]
4’-Geranyloxyferulic acid (27)	Seeds	-	[72]
Rosmarinic acid (28)	Seeds	-	[25]
		Antimicrobial activity	[73]
		Anti-inflammatory activity	[74]
		Antioxidant activity	[75]
		Antimutagenicity activity	[76]
		Antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects	[77]
Sinapinic acid = trans-Sinapic acid (29)	Leaves	-	[27]
	Seeds	-	[25]
		Antioxidant activity	[44]
		Anxiolytic-like effects	[78]
		Cerebral protective and cognition-improving effects	[79]