Figure 5.

Schematic drawing depicting the mechanism of tissue-tissue interactions between ectoderm-derived palatal epithelial cells, cranial neural crest (CNC)–derived palatal mesenchymal cells, and mesoderm-derived myogenic cells during soft palate development. Signals from the palatal epithelium, such as Tgf-β, regulate Wnt signaling in the CNC-derived palatal mesenchyme, which in turn controls myogenesis (Iwata et al. 2014). Other epithelial signals, such as Bmp, Shh, and Tbx1, are also highlighted here. Transcription factors, such as Dlx5, in CNC-derived cells regulate specific downstream target genes, such as Fgf10, to control myogenesis (Sugii et al. 2017). Transcription factors Mn1 and Tbx22 have been shown to play specific roles in regulating posterior palate development (Liu et al. 2008).