Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

	Training Group n=23	Non-Training Group n=29
Age--years, mean (+/− SD)	66 (±4.9)	68 (±5.4)
Male sex-- no. (%)	10 (43)	15 (52)
Education (college or higher)	5 (22)	12 (41)
Comorbidities—no. (%)
CAD	4 (14)	4 (16)
CVD*	1 (4.3)	1 (3.4)
HTN	13 (57)	16 (55)
COPD	2 (8.7)	4 (14)
CKD	1 (4.3)	2 (6.9)
DM	3 (13)	5 (17)
Type of surgery-- n (%)
Gastrointestinal	12 (52)	8 (28)
Urologic	6 (26)	6 (21)
Spine	4 (17)	12 (41)
Hepatobiliary	1 (4.3)	3 (10)

^*Stroke, TIA, or carotid artery stenosis history. CAD = coronary artery disease, CVD = cerebrovascular disease, HTN = hypertension, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD = chronic kidney disease, CM = diabetes mellitus. All patients were of non-Hispanic ethnicity.