Table 2.
Baseline Patient Characteristics by Type of Medical Record System
| Characteristic | EHR‐Always, n = 4220 | EHR‐Switched, n = 723 | Paper‐Always, n = 2950 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (25th–75th percentile), y | 70 (60–77) | 70 (60–77) | 69 (59–77) | 0.3193 |
| Male, no. (%) | 3024 (71.7) | 495 (68.5) | 2111 (71.6) | 0.1977 |
| Race, no. (%) | ||||
| White | 1696 (40.9) | 379 (52.8) | 1281 (44.4) | |
| Other | 412 (9.9) | 82 (11.4) | 376 (13.0) | |
| Not documented/missing | 2041 (49.2) | 257 (35.8) | 1231 (42.6) | 0.0174 |
| Ethnicity, no. (%) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 80 (2.0) | 9 (1.2) | 61 (2.1) | |
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 487 (12.0) | 66 (9.2) | 306 (10.8) | |
| Not documented | 3475 (86.0) | 646 (89.6) | 2471 (87.1) | 0.4412 |
| Insurance | ||||
| Medicare | 2526 (60.0) | 380 (52.9) | 1718 (58.5) | |
| Other | 1493 (35.5) | 239 (33.2) | 1028 (35.0) | |
| Not documented | 190 (4.5) | 100 (13.9) | 192 (6.5) | 0.7803 |
| Heart failure etiology, ischemic, no. (%) | 2795 (66.5) | 456 (63.3) | 1894 (64.7) | 0.1210 |
| History of atrial fibrillation/flutter, no. (%) | 1301 (30.8) | 220 (30.4) | 842 (28.5) | 0.1096 |
| History of coronary artery bypass graft, no. (%) | 1289 (30.5) | 235 (32.5) | 933 (31.6) | 0.4383 |
| History of percutaneous coronary intervention, no. (%) | 1108 (26.3) | 181 (25.0) | 775 (26.3) | 0.7739 |
| History of myocardial infarction, no. (%) | 1713 (40.6) | 281 (38.9) | 1267 (42.9) | 0.0511 |
| History of peripheral vascular disease, no. (%) | 388 (9.2) | 74 (10.2) | 303 (10.3) | 0.2769 |
| History of diabetes, no. (%) | 1301 (30.8) | 231 (32.0) | 994 (33.7) | 0.0378 |
| History of hypertension, no. (%) | 2607 (61.8) | 429 (59.3) | 1823 (61.8) | 0.4349 |
| History of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, no. (%) | 595 (14.1) | 107 (14.8) | 475 (16.1) | 0.0641 |
| History of depression, no. (%) | 355 (8.4) | 78 (10.8) | 229 (7.8) | 0.0313 |
| NYHA class documented | 4123 (97.7) | 711 (98.5) | 2899 (98.3) | 0.1059 |
| NYHA class | ||||
| I or II | 3236 (76.7) | 617 (85.5) | 2284 (77.5) | |
| III or IV | 887 (21.0) | 94 (13.0) | 615 (20.9) | |
| Not documented | 97 (2.3) | 11 (1.5) | 49 (1.7) | <0.0001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction, median (25th–75th percentile), % | 25 (20–30) | 25 (20–30) | 25 (20–30) | 0.7742 |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (25th–75th percentile), mm Hg | 120 (108–130) | 120 (109–132) | 120 (110–132) | 0.0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (25th–75th percentile), mm Hg | 70 (62–78) | 70 (60–78) | 70 (62–80) | 0.0002 |
| Resting heart rate, median (25th–75th percentile), beats/min | 70 (64–78) | 72 (64–78) | 70 (64–78) | 0.3670 |
| Rales on most recent exam, no. (%) | 130 (3.1) | 11 (1.5) | 76 (2.6) | 0.1386 |
| Edema on most recent exam, no. (%) | 744 (17.8) | 119 (16.6) | 433 (14.9) | 0.0012 |
| Sodium, median (25th–75th percentile), mEq/L | 140 (138–142) | 140 (137–142) | 140 (138–142) | 0.9413 |
| Blood urea nitrogen, median (25th–75th percentile), mg/dL | 21 (16–28) | 21 (16–28) | 21 (16–28) | 0.3679 |
| Creatinine, median (25th–75th percentile), mg/dL | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 0.2018 |
| Potassium, median (25th–75th percentile), mEq/L | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 4.4 (4.1–4.6) | 4.4 (4.1–4.7) | 0.1318 |
| B‐natriuretic peptide, median (25th–75th percentile), pg/mL | 299.5 (130–672) | 301 (135–717) | 324.5 (137–687) | 0.9824 |
| QRS duration, median (25th–75th percentile), ms | 124 (100–156) | 130 (102–158) | 125 (100–156) | 0.5822 |
| QRS missing, no. (%) | 1323 (31.4) | 340 (47.0) | 826 (28.0) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: EHR, electronic health record system; NYHA, New York Heart Association.