Table 1.
Baseline Clinical/Demographic Characteristics and Risk Scores
| All Patients, n = 660 | Without PCE, n = 580 | With PCE, n = 80 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 65.3 ± 14 | 64.7 ± 14.5 | 70.3 ± 9.6 | 0.001 |
| Male sex | 348 (52.8) | 296 (51.1) | 42 (52.5) | 0.45 |
| BMI | 28.4 ± 12.4 | 28.5 ± 13.1 | 27.8 ± 5.5 | 0.478 |
| ASA status | <0.001 | |||
| I | 117 (17.7) | 111 (19.1) | 6 (7.5) | |
| II | 339 (51.4) | 308 (56.9) | 31 (38.8) | |
| III | 161 (24.4) | 129 (18.8) | 32 (40) | |
| IV | 43 (6.5) | 31 (2.5) | 12 (15) | |
| Systemic hypertension | 360 (54.6) | 315 (54.3) | 45 (56.2) | 0.45 |
| Current smoking | 77 (11.7) | 70 (12.1) | 7 (8.8) | 0.63 |
| HF | 63 (9.6) | 44 (7.6) | 19 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| AF | 79 (12) | 63 (10.9) | 16 (20) | 0.019 |
| DM | 166 (25.2) | 129 (22.3) | 37 (46.3) | <0.001 |
| CAD/PAD | 167 (25.3) | 134 (23.1) | 33 (41.3) | <0.001 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease | 62 (9.4) | 52 (9) | 10 (12.5) | 0.312 |
| METs | <0.001 | |||
| 1–4 METs | 57 (8.6) | 46 (7.9) | 11 (13.7) | |
| 4 METs | 237 (36) | 199 (34.3) | 38 (47.5) | |
| 4–10 METs | 297 (45) | 268 (46.2) | 29 (36.3) | |
| >10 METs | 69 (10.4) | 67 (11.5) | 2 (2.5) | |
| Revised cardiac risk index | ||||
| 0 | 94 (14.3) | 91 (15.7) | 3 (3.8) | |
| 1 | 311 (47.2) | 287 (49.6) | 24 (30) | <0.001 |
| 2 | 186 (28.2) | 150 (25.9) | 36 (45) | |
| 3 | 61 (9.3) | 46 (7.9) | 15 (18.8) | |
| 4 | 7 (1.1) | 5 (0.9) | 2 (2.5) | |
| LVEF | 58.8 ± 8.6 | 59.5 ± 7.8 | 53.9 ± 11.9 | <0.001 |
| Preoperative medication | ||||
| β‐Blocker | 149 (22.6) | 127 (21.9) | 22 (27.5) | 0.265 |
| Calcium inhibitor | 97 (14.7) | 85 (14.7) | 12 (15) | 0.940 |
| ACEI | 173 (26.3) | 153 (26.4) | 20 (25) | 0.595 |
| Furosemide | 20 (3) | 16 (2.8) | 4 (5) | 0.274 |
| Thiazid diuretic | 18 (2.7) | 15 (2.6) | 3 (3.8) | 0.551 |
| Spironolactone | 18 (2.7) | 16 (2.8) | 2 (2.5) | 0.892 |
| Aspirin | 141 (21.4) | 114 (19.7) | 27 (33.8) | 0.004 |
| Anticoagulants | 31 (4.7) | 25 (4.3) | 6 (7.5) | 0.208 |
| ARB | 58 (8.8) | 50 (8.6) | 8 (10) | 0.686 |
| Statin | 66 (10) | 57 (9.8) | 9 (11.3) | 0.695 |
| Digoxin | 25 (3.8) | 19 (3.3) | 6 (7.5) | 0.064 |
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI, body mass index; CAD, coronary artery disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MET, metabolic equivalent; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PCE, perioperative cardiovascular events.
Values are given as mean ± standard deviation or n (%).