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. 2019 Jul 17;10:481. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00481

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Insulin increases expression of EMT and NE genes in LNCaP cells. Gene expression heatmap of microarray data comparing LNCaP cells treated with 10 nM insulin in the presence or absence of 1 nM R1881 of typical epithelial and mesenchymal genes (A) and NE genes (B). qRT-PCR results of LNCaP cells confirm that 48 h insulin treatment up-regulated key EMT associated transcriptional factors, FOXC2, ZEB1, and SNAIL (C), mesenchymal markers, VIM, MMP9 and VTN (D), NE associated transcriptional factors, SOX8, NeuroG1, and NeuroD1 (E) and NE markers, ChgA, NCAM, SST (F). 48 h insulin treatment (10 nM) significantly increased levels of transcription factors in LNCaP cells to levels similar to those observed for enzalutamide (10 μM) treatment. DHT (10 nM) suppressed expression of these transcription factors (All graphs n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, One-way ANOVA, ±SEM with vehicle as control).