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. 2019 Jul 17;10:481. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00481

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Insulin increases EMT and NE transcriptional profile in DUCaP and 22RV1 cells. To validate the LNCaP observations, 22RV1 and DuCaP cells were cultured under androgen deprived conditions and treated with insulin (10 nM), DHT (10 nM), and enzalutamide (10 μM) (48 h). qRT-PCR shows that levels of both (A) EMT and NE transcription factors FOXC2, ZEB1, and SOX8 significantly increase in DuCaP cells with insulin treatment, along with non-significant increases in (B) mesenchymal markers VIM and VTN and (C) NE markers CHGA, NCAM and SST. (D) 22RV1 cells increased transcription factor expression and with (E) a muted rise in the mesenchymal transcripts with VTN significantly increased in 22RV1s and no significant change with insulin for VIM and MMP9. (F) NE markers CHGA, NCAM, and SST were significantly upregulated with insulin treatment. DUCAP cells replicated LNCaP transcription in response to AR inhibitor enzalutamide for both EMT and NE transcriptional factors, mesenchymal markers and NE markers (All graphs n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001, One-way ANOVA, ± SEM with vehicle as control).