Pauls 1996.

Study characteristics
Methods	RCT
Participants	Very low birth weight (< 1500 g) infants
Interventions	Empirical use of partially hydrolysed whey‐casein formula* (n = 25) Non‐hydrolysed protein formula* (n = 25)
Outcomes	Mean gastric residual volume (% of intake) Time to full enteral feeds Necrotising enterocolitis
Notes	Kinderklinik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany Trial date: early 1990s Reported as an abstract only * Energy content of both formulas: 80 kcal/100 mL; protein content: hydrolysed formula 2.9 g/100 mL vs non‐hydrolysed formula 2.7 g/100 mL
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information ‐ only abstract available
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	Insufficient information ‐ only abstract available
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Unlikely to be blinded
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	High risk	Unlikely to be blinded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	Outcomes reported for all participants
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	Protocol not available
Other bias	Unclear risk	Funder: not stated