Table 1.
Regions Showing Statistically Significant Differences of Functional Brain Activation during Motor Challenge
| Cortex | CCI-Veh versus SHAM-Veh (Contra/Ipsi) | CCI-20 versus CCI-Veh (Contra/Ipsi) |
|---|---|---|
| Motor system | ||
| Motor cortex, primary (M1) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Motor cortex, secondary (M2) | / ↓. | ↑ / ↑ |
| Caudate-putamen (CPu) | ↑ / ↓ | post: ↑ / |
| Cerebellum | ||
| Interposed n. | ↑ / ↑ | ↓ / ↓ |
| Lateral n. | / ↑. | ↓ / ↓ |
| Medial n. | ↑ / ↑ | ↓ / ↓ |
| Lateral lobe | ↑ / ↑ | / ↓. |
| Vermis | ↑ | ↓ |
| Globus pallidus, external (GPe) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Red nucleus (RN) | ↑ / . | ↓ / |
| Substantia nigra (SN) | ↑ / . | ↓ / |
| Subthalamic nucleus (STN) | / ↓. | |
| Thalamus | ||
| Central medial (CM) | ↑ | |
| Mediodorsal (MD), ventral anterior (VA) | / ↓. | ↑ / |
| Ventrolateral (VL), ventromedial (VM) | / ↓ | ↑ / ↑ |
| Zona incerta (ZI) | ↑ / ↓ | ↓ / |
| Sensory system | ||
| Auditory cortex (Au) | ↑ / ↓ | / ↓ |
| Piriform cortex (Pir) | ↑ / | / ↓ |
| Somatosensory cortex, primary (jaw S1J, upper lip S1ULp, forelimb S1FL, dysgranular, S1DZ, barrel field S1BF) | ↑ / ↓ | ↑ S1BF only / |
| Somatosensory cortex, secondary (S2) | ↑ / ↓ | / ↓ |
| Visual cortex, primary (V1) | / ↓. | ↑ / |
| Visual cortex, secondary (V2) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Anterior pretectal area (APT) | / ↓.. | ↑ / |
| Colliculus, inferior (IC) | ↓ / ↓ | / ↑ |
| Colliculus, superior (SC) | ↑ / ↑ | ↑ / |
| Geniculate, dorsolateral (DLG) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Thalamus | ||
| Medial geniculate (MG) | / ↓. | |
| Posterior (Po) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Ventroposterior lateral (VPL) | ↑ / ↓ | ↑ / |
| Ventroposterior medial (VPM) | ↑ / ↓ | ↑ / |
| Vestibular nucleus (Ve) | ↑ / ↑ | ↓ / ↓ |
| Limbic-associated | ||
| Cingulate cortex (Cg) | / ↓ | ↑ / ↑ |
| Dorsal peduncular cortex (DP) | ↑ / ↑ | |
| Entorhinal cortex | ↑ / | ↓ / ↓ |
| Infralimbic cortex (IL) | ↑ / ↑ | / ↓. |
| Insula cortex (Ins) | / ↑ | |
| Orbital cortex, lateral/ventral (LO/VO) | ↑ / ↓ | ↑ / ↑ |
| Prelimbic cortex (PrL) | / ↓ | ↑ / ↑ |
| Retrosplenial cortex | ↓ / ↓ | ↑ / |
| Accumbens n. (Acb) | ↑ / ↑ | / ↓. |
| Amygdala | ||
| Basal | ↑ / ↑ | ↓ / ↓ |
| Central | ↑ / ↓ | / ↓ |
| Cortical | ↑ / | / ↓ |
| Lateral | ↑ / ↓ | / ↓ |
| Medial | ↑ / | ↓ / ↓ |
| Bed n. of the stria terminalis | / ↓. | |
| Hippocampal formation | ||
| CA1 anterior (ant), posterior (post) | ant: ↑ /, post: ↑ / ↓ | ant: ↓ /, post: ↓ / ↑ |
| CA2, CA3 | post: / ↑ | |
| Dentate gyrus (DG), anterior (ant) | ant:↓ / ↓, post: ↑ / | ant: ↑ / |
| Subiculum, transition area (STr), post (Post), Pre (PrS) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Hypothalamus | ||
| Anterior (AH), lateral (LH) | ↑ / | |
| Posterior (PH) | ↑ / ↓ | / ↑. |
| Preoptic area, lateral (LPO), medial (MPA) | ↑ / | |
| Ventromedial | ↑ / ↓ | ↓ / ↓ |
| Septal nucleus, lateral (LS) | ↑ / | |
| Other | ||
| Parabrachial n. (PB) | ↑ / ↑ | |
| Pons (Pn) | ↑ / ↑ | |
| Reticular formation (RtF) | ↑ / ↑ | |
| Thalamus | ||
| Anterior dorsal, medial, ventral (AD, AM, AV) | / ↓. | ↑ / ↑ |
| Lateral dorsal (LD) | / ↓.. | |
| Lateral posterior (LP) | ↑ / ↓ | |
| Paraventricular (PV) | ↑ | |
| Reticular (Rt) | ↑ / ↓ | ↑ / |
Comparison is between rats with right cortical contusion and sham-lesioned animals, receiving vehicle (CCI-Veh, n = 10 vs. SHAM-Veh, n = 9), as well as between CCI mice receiving BQCA (20 mg/kg, intraperitoneally i.p., n = 8) and CCI mice receiving vehicle (CCI-Veh). Significant increases or decreases in glucose uptake are noted with ‘↑’ and ‘↓’, respectively, for the contra- and ipsilesional hemispheres. Significance is shown at the voxel level for p < 0.05 for clusters >100 contiguous voxels. Abbreviations are taken from the Franklin and Paxinos mouse brain atlas.55
ant, anterior; post, posterior; CCI, cortical contusion injury; Veh, vehicle; BQCA, benzylquinolone carboxylic acid.