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. 2019 Jun 6;97(8):548–562P. doi: 10.2471/BLT.18.228486

Table 1. Included studies on chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis prevalence in women, 2009–2016.

Study, by WHO region Country or territory and location Date of study Population and age, years Chlamydia
 Gonorrhoea
 Trichomoniasis
Clinical specimen, testa Sample size Study prevalence, % Clinical specimen, test Sample size Study prevalence, % Clinical specimen, testa Sample size Study prevalence, %
African Region
Wynn et al., 201823 Botswana, Gaborone Jul 2015–May 2016 ANC clinic attendees, > 18 Genital fluid, amplification test 400 7.8 Genital fluid, amplification test 400 1.3 Genital fluid, amplification test 400 5.3
Ginindza et al., 201743 Eswatini, nationalb Jun–Jul 2015 Outpatient clinic attendees, 15–49 Genital fluid, amplification test 655 5.8 Genital fluid, amplification test 655 5.3 Genital fluid, amplification test 655 7.8
Eshete et al., 201324 Ethiopia, Jimma Town Dec 2011–May 2012 ANC clinic attendees, 15–36 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 361 5.0
Mulu et al., 201525 Ethiopia, Bahir Dar May–Nov 2013 ANC clinic attendees, 15–49 NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture and Gram staina 214 0.9 Genital fluid, microscopy 214 1.4
Schönfeld et al., 201826 Ethiopia, Asella May 2014–Sep 2015 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, point-of-care testb 580 5.3
Volker et al., 201727 Ghana, Western region Oct 2011–Jan 2012 Attendees at a hospital maternity clinic, 14–48 Genital fluid, amplification test 177 1.7 Genital fluid, culture 180 0.0 NR NR NR
Jespers et al., 201428 Kenya, Mombasa 2010–2011 Participants in a community survey, 18–35 Genital fluid, amplification test 110 3.6 Genital fluid, amplification test 110 0.9 Genital fluid, culture 110 2.7
Kinuthia et al., 201529 Kenya, Ahero and Bondo districts May 2011–Jun 2013 ANC clinic attendees, ≥ 14 Genital fluid, amplification test 1276 5.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 1276 2.5 Genital fluid, microscopy 1278 6.3
Drake et al., 201330 Kenya, Western Kenya Pre-2013 ANC clinic attendees, 14–21 Genital fluid, amplification test 537 4.7 Genital fluid, amplification test 537 1.7 Genital fluid, microscopy 537 5.6
Masese et al., 201731 Kenya, Mombasa Aug 2014–Mar 2015 Students, 15–24 Urine, amplification test 451 3.5 Urine, amplification test 451 1.6 Urine, amplification test 451 0.7
Masha et al., 201732 Kenya, Kilifi Jul–Sep 2015 ANC clinic attendees, 18–45 Urine, amplification test 202 14.9 Urine, amplification test 202 1.0 Genital fluid, culture 202 7.4
Nkhoma et al., 201733 Malawi, Mangochi District Feb 2011–Aug 2012 ANC clinic attendees, ≥ 15 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 1210 10.5
Olowe et al., 201434 Nigeria, Osogba Jul–Apr 2012 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 100 2.0
Etuketu et al., 201535 Nigeria, Abeokutu Jun–Jul 2013 ANC clinic attendees, 15–44 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 300 10.3
Muvunyi et al., 201136 Rwanda, Kigali Nov 2007–Mar 2010 Controls for infertility study, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 312 3.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Franceschi et al., 201637 Rwanda, Kigali Apr 2013–May 2014 Students, 18–20 Urine, amplification test 912 2.2 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Vieira-Baptista et al., 201738 Sao Tome and Principe, Principe 2015 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 21–60 Genital fluid, amplification test 100 3.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 100 2.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 100 8.0
Moodley et al., 201539 South Africa, Durban May 2008–Jun 2010 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 1459 17.8 Genital fluid, amplification test 1459 6.4 Genital fluid, amplification test 1459 15.3
Jespers et al., 201428 South Africa, Johannesburg 2010–2011 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 109 16.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 109 0.9 Genital fluid, culture 109 4.6
Peters et al., 201440 South Africa, Mopani District Nov 2011–Feb 2012 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 18–49 Genital fluid, amplification test 603 16.1 Genital, amplification test 603 10.1 NR NR NR
de Waaij et al., 201741 South Africa, Mopani District Nov 2011–Feb 2012 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 18–49 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 575 19.7
Francis et al., 201842 South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Oct 2016–Jan 2017 Youth people, 15–24 Genital, amplification test 259 11.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 259 1.9 Genital fluid, amplification test 259 4.6
Tchelougou et al., 201344 Togo, Sokodé Jun 2010–Aug 2011 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 302 3.6
Donders et al., 201645 Uganda, Kampala Pre-2015 Outpatient clinic attendees, adult Genital fluid, amplification test 360 1.4 Genital fluid, amplification test 360 1.7 Genital fluid, amplification test 360 6.7
Rutherford et al., 201446 Uganda, Kampala Sep 2008–Apr 2009 Students, 19–25 Genital fluid, amplification test 280 2.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 280 1.1 Genital fluid, culture 247 0.8
de Walque et al., 201247 United Republic of Tanzania, Kilombero and Ulanga Districts Feb–Apr 2009 Participants in HIV prevention trial, 18–30 Genital fluid, amplification test 1204 2.7 Genital fluid, amplification test 1204 1.4 Genital fluid, amplification test 1204 16.2
Chiduo et al., 201248 United Republic of Tanzania, Tanga May 2009–Oct 2010 ANC clinic attendees, 18–44 Genital fluid, amplification test 185 1.6 Genital fluid, culture and Gram stain 185 1.6 Genital fluid, microscopy 185 11.4
Hokororo et al., 201549 United Republic of Tanzania, Mwanza Apr–Dec 2012 ANC clinic attendees, 14–20 Urine, amplification test 403 11.4 Urine, amplification test 403 6.7 Genital fluid, microscopy 403 13.4
Lazenby et al., 201450 United Republic of Tanzania, Arusha District Pre-2014 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 30–60 Genital fluid, amplification test 324 0.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 324 0.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 297 10.4
Maufi et al., 201851 United Republic of Tanzania, Mwanza Nov 2014–Apr 2015 ANC clinic attendees, 17–46 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 365 10.4
Chaponda et al., 201652 Zambia, Nchelenge District Nov 2013–Apr 2014 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 1083 5.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 1083 3.1 Genital fluid, amplification test 1083 24.8
Stephen et al., 201753 Zimbabwe, Harare Jan 2012–Apr 2012 ANC clinic attendees, > 18 Genital fluid, amplification test 242 5.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Region of the Americas
Touzon et al., 201454 Argentina, Buenos Aires Jan 2010–Dec 2012 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 1238 1.8
Testardini et al., 201655 Argentina, Buenos Aires Apr 2010–Aug 2011 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 386 5.2
Mucci et al., 201656 Argentina, Buenos Aires Aug 2012–Jan 2013 ANC clinic attendees, 10–42 NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 210 0.5 Genital fluid, microscopy 210 1.4
Department of Public Health 201857 Bahamas, national 2016 ANC clinic attendees, adults Urine, amplification test 2504 12.0 Urine, amplification test 2504 2.0 NR NR NR
Magalhaes et al., 201558 Brazil, Rio Grande do Norte State 2008–2012 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 25–60 Genital fluid, amplification test 1134 10.9 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Miranda et al., 201459 Brazil, national Mar–Nov 2009 ANC clinic attendees, 15–24 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 299 7.7
Pinto et al., 201160 Brazil, national Mar–Nov 2009 ANC clinic attendees, 15–24 Urine, amplification test 2071 9.8 Urine, amplification test 2071 1.0 NR NR NR
Ferreira et al., 201561 Brazil, Belem and Para 2009–2011 ANC clinic attendees, < 19 Genital fluid, amplification test 168 16.7 NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 168 3.0
Piazzetta et al., 201162 Brazil, Curitiba Pre-2011 Sexually active youth people, 16–23 Urine, amplification test 335 10.7 Urine, amplification test 335 1.5 NR NR NR
Silveira MF et al., 201763 Brazil, Pelotas Dec 2011–May 2013 Attendees at a hospital maternity clinic, 18–24 Genital fluid, amplification test 562 12.3 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Mesenburg et al., 201364 Brazil, Pelotas Dec 2011–Jan 2013 ANC clinic attendees, < 30 Genital fluid, amplification test 361 15.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Gatti et al., 201765 Brazil, Rio Grande Jan 2012–Jan 2015 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 204 5.9
Marconi et al., 201566 Brazil, Botucatu Sep 2012–Jan 2013 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 14–54 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 1519 1.4
Neves et al., 201667 Brazil, Manaus Oct 2012–Dec 2013 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 14–25 Genital fluid, amplification test 1169 13.1 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Zamboni et al., 201668 Brazil, Santiago Mar 2013–Mar 2014 Outpatient clinic attendees, 15–24 Genital fluid, amplification test 181 5.5 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Melo et al., 201669 Brazil, Region of La Araucanía 2013–2014 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 18–24 Genital fluid, amplification test 151 11.3 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Glehn et al., 201670 Brazil, Federal District Nov 2014–Mar 2015 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 18–49 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 193 15.5
Ovalle et al., 201271 Chile, Santiago Apr 2010–Oct 2010 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 255 5.9 Genital fluid, culture 255 0.0 Genital fluid, culture 255 2.4
Huneeus et al., 201872 Chile, Santiago 2012–2014 Sexually active youth people, < 25 Genital fluid, amplification test 171 8.8 Genital fluid, amplification test 171 0.6 Genital fluid, amplification test 171 0.0
Villaseca et al., 201573 Chile, Santiago Jun 2013–Dec 2013 Attendees at a family health clinic, 15–54 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 101 3.0
Stella et al., 201174 Colombia, rural Medellin 2009–2010 Students, 15–18 NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 262 0.0 NR NR NR
Paredes et al., 201575 Colombia, Sabana Centro province 2011 Students, 14–19 Urine, amplification test 436 3.2 Urine, amplification test 436 0.2 NR NR NR
Giraldo-Ospina et al., 201576 Colombia, Dosquebradas Jun 2012–Aug 2013 ANC clinic attendees, 15–47 Genital fluid, amplification test 101 0.0 Genital fluid, culture 101 2.0 NR NR NR
Ceron et al., 201477 Colombia, Bogota Aug–Dec. 2013 ANC clinic attendees, 15–40 Genital fluid, amplification test 226 5.3 Genital fluid, amplification test 226 0.0 NR NR NR
Jobe et al., 201478 Haiti, Jérémie Oct 2012 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 16–75 Genital fluid, amplification test 199 11.6 Genital fluid, amplification test 199 4.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 199 19.6
Jobe et al., 201478 Haiti, Jérémie Oct 2012 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 19–78 Genital fluid, amplification test 104 1.9 Genital fluid, amplification test 104 1.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 104 13.5
Scheildell et al., 201879 Haiti, Gressier Aug–Oct 2013 ANC clinic attendees, adults Urine, amplification test 200 8.0 Urine, amplification test 200 3.0 Urine, amplification test 200 20.5
Bristow et al., 201780 Haiti, Port-au-Prince Oct 2015–Jan 2016 ANC clinic attendees, > 18 Genital fluid, amplification test 300 14.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 300 2.7 Genital fluid, amplification test 300 27.7
Conde-Ferráez et al., 201781 Mexico, Merida Aug 2010–Jan 2011 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 121 8.3 NR NR NR NR NR NR
López-Monteon et al., 201382 Mexico, central Veracruz Jun–Jul 2012 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 14–50 NR NR NR NR NR NR Urine, amplification test 158 19.0
Magana-Contreras et al., 201583 Mexico, Villahermosa Jan 2013–Nov 2014 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 16–74 Genital fluid, amplification test 201 1.5 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Casillas-Vega et al., 201784 Mexico, Jalisco Sep 2013–Aug 2014 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 287 10.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Cabeza et al., 201585 Peru, Lima Dec 2012–Jan 2013 ANC clinic attendees, ≥ 16 Genital fluid, amplification test 600 10.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
van der Helm et al., 201386 Suriname, Paramaribo Mar 2008–Jul 2010 Attendees at a family planning clinic, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 819 9.5 NR NR NR NR NR NR
van der Helm et al., 201287 Suriname, Paramaribo Jul 2009–Feb 2010 Attendees at a family planning clinic, > 18 Genital fluid, amplification test 753 9.2 NR NR NR NR NR NR
South-East Asia Region
Franceschi et al., 201637 Bhutan, Thimpu and Paro Sep 2013 Students in an HPV vaccination study, 18–20 Urine, amplification test 973 3.4 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Vidwan et al., 201288 India, Vellore Apr 2009–Jan 2010 ANC clinic attendees, 18–45 Genital fluid, amplification test 784 0.1 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Vijaya Mn et al., 201389 India, rural Bangalore Oct 2010–Sep 2012 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, 25–46 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 750 2.1
Kojima et al., 201890 India, Mysore district May 2011–Jun 2014 ANC clinic attendees, young women Genital fluid, amplification test 213 0.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 213 0.9 Genital fluid, amplification test 213 6.1
Shah et al., 201491 India, Baroda May 2011–Aug 2012 ANC clinic attendees, 20–35 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 233 3.4
Krishnan et al., 201892 India, Udupi district Aug 2013–May 2015 Community members, 18–65 Urine, amplification test 811 0.2 Urine, amplification test 811 0.0 NR NR NR
Ani & Darmayani 201793 Indonesia, Bali Apr 2010 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 376 7.4
Banneheke et al., 201394 Sri Lanka, Colombo district 2007–2009 Participants in diagnostic test study, 16–45 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 601 2.8
European Region
Farr et al., 201695 Austria, Vienna Jan 2005–Jan 2015 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, DNA probe-based assayc 3763 0.8
Ljubin-Sternak et al., 201796 Croatia, Zagreb Mar 2014–Feb 2015 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 8665 1.7 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Peuchant et al., 201597 France, Bordeaux Jan–Jun 2011 ANC clinic attendees, 18–44 Genital fluid, amplification test 1004 2.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 1004 0.0 NR NR NR
Peuchant et al., 201597 France, Bordeaux Sep 2012–Feb 2013 ANC clinic attendees, < 25 Genital fluid, amplification test 112 7.1 Genital fluid, amplification test 112 1.8 NR NR NR
Galdavadze et al., personal communication 2012 Georgia, Tbilisi Jul 2011–Mar 2012 ANC clinic attendees, 14–44 Urine, amplification test 300 5.0 Urine, amplification test 300 0.3 NR NR NR
Ikonomidis et al., 201598 Greece, Thessaly state Feb 2012–Nov 2015 Attendees at a urology and gynaecology clinic, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 130 0.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
O'Higgins et al., 201799 Ireland, Dublin Dec 2011–Dec 2013 ANC clinic attendees, 16–25 Genital fluid, amplification test 2687 4.9 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Hassan et al., 2016100 Ireland, Dublin Jul 2014–Jan 2015 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 25–40 Genital fluid, amplification test 236 3.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 236 0.0 NR NR NR
Bianchi et al., 2016101 Italy, Milan Dec 2008–Dec 2012 HPV vaccinated young women, 18–23 Genital fluid, amplification test 591 4.9 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Seraceni et al., 2016102 Italy, north-eastern Jan 2009–Dec 2014 Participants for cervical cancer screening, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 921 0.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Panatto et al., 2015103 Italy, Turin, Milan and Genoa Jan–Jun 2010 Women attending gynaecologic routine check-ups, 16–26 Genital fluid, amplification test 566 5.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Foschi et al., 2016104 Italy, Bologna Jan 2011–May 2014 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, routine, > 14 Genital fluid, amplification test 3072 3.4 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Matteelli et al., 2016105 Italy, Brescia Nov 2012–Mar 2013 Sexually active students, ≥ 18 Urine, amplification test 1297 1.9 Urine, amplification test 1297 0.0 NR NR NR
Camporiondo et al., 2016106 Italy, Rome Mar 2013 Healthy women attending screening, 34–60 Genital fluid, amplification test 309 0.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 309 0.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 309 1.3
Leli et al., 2016107 Italy, Perugia Jan–Oct 2015 Outpatient clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 1487 1.3
Gravningen et al., 2013108 Norway, Finnmark 2009 Sexually active students, 15–20 Urine, amplification test 607 6.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Silva et al., 2013109 Portugal, Porto Pre-2013 Students, 14–30 Genital fluid, amplification test 432 6.9 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Babinská et al., 2017110 Slovakia, eastern parts 2011 Community members, adults Urine, amplification test 511 3.5 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Fernández-Benítez et al., 2013111 Spain, Laviana and Asturias Nov 2010–Dec 2011 Sexually active youth people, 15–24 Urine, amplification test 277 4.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Pineiro et al., 2016112 Spain, Basque Autonomous Community Jan 2011–Dec 2014 Attendees at a hospital maternity clinic, 14–54 Urine, amplification test 11 687 1.0 Urine, amplification test 11 687 0.0 NR NR NR
Field et al., 2018113 United Kingdom, national Sep 2010–Aug 2012 Sexually active adults, 16–44 NR NR NR NR NR NR Urine, amplification test 2559 0.3
Sonnenberg et al., 2013114 United Kingdom, national Sep 2010–Aug 2012 Sexually active adults, 16–44 Urine, amplification test 2665 2.3 Urine, amplification test 2665 0.1 NR NR NR
Eastern Mediterranean Region
Nada et al., 2015115 Egypt, Cairo Jan–Nov 2014 Controls for infertility study, adult Genital fluid, amplification test 100 2.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Hassanzadeh et al., 2013116 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Shiraz 2009–2011 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR Genital fluid, amplification test 1100 1.2 NR NR NR
Hamid et al., 2011117 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Zanjan province Apr 2009 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, 15–45 NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 328 0.9 NR NR NR
Nourian et al., 2013118 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Zanjan Jul 2009–Jun 2010 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 1000 3.3
Rasti et al., 2011119 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kashan Pre-2010 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 450 0.4
Dehgan Marvast et al., 2017120 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Yazd May–Sep 2010 ANC clinic attendees, 16–39 Urine, amplification test 250 0.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Ahmadi et al., 2016121 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Sanandaj Aug 2012–Jan 2013 Controls for spontaneous abortion study, 19–42 Genital fluid, amplification test 109 11.9 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Arbabi et al., 2014122 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kashan Oct 2012–Aug 2013 Attendees at a public health unit, 16–60 NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 970 2.3
Hasanabad et al., 2013123 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Sabzevar Pre-2013 ANC clinic attendees, adolescents Urine, amplification test 399 12.3 Urine, amplification test 399 1.3 NR NR NR
Mousavi et al., 2014124 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Sanandai Feb–May 2013 Controls for infertility study, 14–40 Genital fluid, amplification test 104 5.8 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Nateghi Rostami et al., 2016125 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Qom May 2013–Apr 2014 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, 18–50 Genital fluid, amplification test 518 7.1 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Marashi et al., 2014126 Iran (Islamic Republic of), not specified Pre-2014 Controls for infertility study, 20–40 Genital fluid, amplification test 200 6.5 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Joolayi et al., 2017127 Iran (Islamic Republic of), Ahvaz Aug 2016–Jan 2017 Controls for infertility study, 18–49 Genital fluid, amplification test 125 1.6 NR NR NR NR NR NR
El Kettani et al., personal communication, 2016 Morocco, Rabat, Salé, Agadir and Fes Oct 2011–Dec 2011 Attendees at a family planning clinic, 18–49 Genital fluid, amplification test 537 3.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 537 0.4 Genital, culture 537 5.6
El Kettani et al., personal communication, 2016 Morocco, Rabat, Salé, Agadir and Fes Dec 2011–Jan 2012 ANC clinic attendees, 18–49 Genital fluid, amplification test 252 3.6 Genital fluid, amplification test 252 0.8 Genital fluid, culture 252 5.2
Kamel 2013128 Saudi Arabia, Jazan Jul 2011–Jun 2012 Controls for infertility study, 18–40 Genital fluid, culture 100 4.0 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Western Pacific Region
Wen 2013129 China, Wuhu 2010 Sexually active adults, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 2010 6.6
Lu et al., 2013130 China, Shenzhen 2011–2012 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 7892 5.4 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Xia et al., 2015131 China, east, 16 cities Jan–Dec 2011 Attendees at an hospital maternity clinic, adults Genital fluid, culture 108 268 1.5 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Zhang et al., 2017132 China, Shaanxi province Jun 2012–Jan 2013 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 500 3.4 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Zhang et al., 2017133 China, Beijing Mar–Oct 2014 Attendees at an obstetrics and gynaecology clinic, 20–70 Genital fluid, amplification test 953 2.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 953 0.0 Genital fluid, microscopy 953 1.7
Imai et al., 2015134 Japan, Miyazaki Oct 2011–Feb 2012 Students, > 18 Urine, amplification test 1183 3.7 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Suzuki et al., 2015135 Japan, national Oct 2013–Mar 2014 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 250 571 2.3 NR NR NR NR NR NR
Ministry of Health 2017136 Mongolia, national 2016 ANC clinic attendees, adults NR NR NR Genital fluid, culture 69 278 0.5 NR NR NR
Corsenac et al., 2015137 New Caledonia, national Aug–Dec 2012 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 18–49 Urine, amplification test 376 10.1 Urine, amplification test 376 3.5 NR NR NR
Unger et al., 2015138 Papua New Guinea, Madang Nov 2009–Aug 2012 ANC clinic attendees, ≥ 16 Genital fluid, amplification test 674 4.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 674 8.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 674 21.8
Wangnapi et al., 2015139 Papua New Guinea, Madang Feb 2011–Apr 2012 ANC clinic attendees, 16–39 Genital fluid, amplification test 362 11.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 362 9.7 Genital fluid, amplification test 362 21.3
Vallely et al., 2017140 Papua New Guinea, four provinces Dec 2011–Jan 2015 ANC clinic attendees, 18–59 Genital fluid, amplification test 765 22.9 Genital fluid, amplification test 765 14.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 765 22.4
Vallely et al., 2017140 Papua New Guinea, four provinces Dec 2011–Jan 2015 Participants for cervical cancer screening, 18–59 Genital fluid, amplification test 614 7.5 Genital fluid, amplification test 614 8.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 614 15.0
Badman et al., 2016141 Papua New Guinea, Milne Bay Aug–Dec 2014 ANC clinic attendees, > 18 Genital fluid, amplification test 125 20.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 125 11.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 125 37.6
Hahn et al., 2014142 Republic of Korea, Seoul Mar 2010–Apr 2011 ANC clinic attendees, adults Genital fluid, amplification test 455 2.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 455 0.4 Genital fluid, amplification test 455 0.0
Choe et al., 2012143 Republic of Korea, Seoul Mar–Dec 2010 Attendees at a health examination clinic, 20–59 Urine, amplification test 805 3.2 Urine, amplification test 805 0.2 NR NR NR
Kim et al., 2011144 Republic of Korea, Uijeongbu Jul–Dec 2010 Attendees at a check-up clinic, 20–60 Genital fluid, amplification test 279 3.9 Genital fluid, amplification test 279 0.4 Genital fluid, amplification test 279 2.5
Kim et al., 2014145 Republic of Korea, Seoul Jan–Oct 2012 Attendees at a health examination clinic, 25–81 Genital fluid, amplification test 405 1.2 Genital fluid, amplification test 405 0.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 405 0.2
Marks et al., 2015146 Solomon Islands, Honiara Aug 2014 Attendees at a primary health-care clinic, 16–49 Genital fluid, amplification test 296 20.3 Genital fluid, amplification test 296 5.1 NR NR NR
Ton Nu et al., 2015147 Viet Nam, Hue Sep 2010–Jun 2012 Attendees at a family planning clinic, adults NR NR NR NR NR NR Genital fluid, microscopy 534 0.7
Nguyen et al., personal communication, 2017 Viet Nam, Hanoi 2016–2017 ANC clinic attendees, > 18 Genital fluid, amplification test 490 6.9 Genital fluid, amplification test 490 0.0 Genital fluid, amplification test 490 0.8

ANC: antenatal care; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; NR: not reported; WHO: World Health Organization.

a Studies that reported using both culture and Gram stain were assumed to have the same sensitivity and specificity values as culture.

b The study used an immunochromatographic capillary-flow enzyme immunoassay and we assumed a sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 99%.

c The study used a nonamplified, nucleic acid probe-based test system and we assumed the same specific and sensitivity values as for a nucleic acid amplification test.