Table 2.
Cognitive test results before and after the intervention period
| Test/Measure | Function | Results | Effect size | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Before | After | ||||
| Conner’s continuous performance test (CPT II) t | Sustained attention | 56.9 (22.3) | 51.2 (14.0) | 0.30 | .090 |
| 47.7 (42.1; 114.0) | 47.6 (40.8; 92.7) | ||||
| (41.9; 71.9) | (42.8; 59.7) | ||||
| n=11 | n=13 | ||||
| Disinhibition | 53.2 (13.0) | 51.9 (10.8) | 0.15 | .46 | |
| 56.0 (22.7; 69.0) | 53.0 (31.0; 66.0) | ||||
| (44.5; 61.9) | (45.4; 58.5) | ||||
| n=11 | n=13 | ||||
| Mean reaction time | 50.8 (22.2) | 48.9 (12.5) | 0.11 | .73 | |
| 46.3 (26.1; 104.0) | 50.0 (26.0; 68.4) | ||||
| (35.9; 65.7) | (41.4; 56.5) | ||||
| n=11 | n=13 | ||||
| Map mission s | Selective attention | 5.5 (4.0) | 6.4 (3.7) | 0.56 | .078 |
| 5.0 (1.0; 13.0) | 6.0 (2.0; 14.0) | ||||
| (3.0; 7.9) | (4.2; 8.6) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
| Visual scanning Delis- Kaplan executive function system (D-KEFS) s | Visual attention | 5.1 (3.2) | 6.2 (4.7) | 0.24 | .70 |
| 4.0 (1.0; 11.0) | 7.00 (1.00; 13.00) | ||||
| (3.1; 7.1) | (3.3; 9.0) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Digit span (WISC-IV) s | General working memory | 7.5 (1.8) | 7.7 (2.8) | 0.12 | .86 |
| 7.0 (5.0; 11.0) | 8.0 (3.0; 11.0) | ||||
| (6.4; 8.7) | (6.0; 9.4) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
| Auditory consonant trigrams (ACT) t | Verbal working memory | 40.8 (13.4) | 43.3 (15.7) | 0.17 | .34 |
| 39.0 (24.0; 57.0) | 41.0 (24.0; 69.0) | ||||
| (32.2; 49.3) | (33.8; 52.8) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Rey auditory verbal learning test (RAVLT) t | Immediate memory (Simple word span) | 36.8 (8.5) | 39.1 (9.1) | 0.17 | .59 |
| 35.0 (27.0; 58.0) | 38.5 (27.0; 58.0) | ||||
| (31.7; 41.9) | (33.3; 44.8) | ||||
| n=13 | n=12 | ||||
| Complex word span | 36.2 (11.1) | 36.0 (9.7) | -0.02 | .68 | |
| 39.0 (18.0; 49.0) | 37.0 (19.0; 55.0) | ||||
| (29.5; 42.8) | (29.9; 42.1) | ||||
| n=13 | n=12 | ||||
| Spatial span (Wechsler nonverbal scale of abilities) t | Simple spatial span | 41.0 (7.9) | 44.9 (10.0) | 0.39 | .25 |
| 40.5 (28.0; 57.0) | 47.0 (23.0; 58.0) | ||||
| (36.0; 46.0) | (38.9; 51.0) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Complex spatial span | 43.3 (8.8) | 46.3 (7.0) | 0.39 | .85 | |
| 45.0 (30.0; 55.0) | 47.5 (34.0; 61.0) | ||||
| (37.8; 48.9) | (41.9; 50.8) | ||||
| n=12 | n=12 | ||||
| General spatial working memory | 41.5 (6.4) | 44.8 (7.4) | 0.80 | .18 | |
| 41.5 (28.0; 52.0) | 45.5 (28.0; 58.0) | ||||
| (37.4; 45.6) | (40.1; 49.5) | ||||
| n=12 | n=12 | ||||
| RAVLT t | Verbal learning | 32.2 (13.5) | 32.1 (11.3) | -0.01 | .97 |
| 30.0 (12.0; 56.0) | 33.5 (12.0; 49.0) | ||||
| (24.0; 40.3) | (24.9; 39.3) | ||||
| n=13 | n=12 | ||||
| Immediate recall | 36.1 (12.6) | 34.4 (14.3) | -0.21 | .16 | |
| 38.0 (13.0; 57.0) | 33.5 (15.0; 59.0) | ||||
| (28.5; 43.7) | (25.3; 43.5) | ||||
| n=13 | n=12 | ||||
| Delayed recall | 33.2 (13.0) | 30.2 (15.7) | -0.19 | .53 | |
| 34.0 (10.0; 51.0) | 30.5 (1.0; 51.0) | ||||
| (25.3; 41.1) | (20.2; 40.1) | ||||
| n=13 | n=12 | ||||
| WISC-IV s | Information | 7.9 (2.8) | 8.3 (3.1) | 0.20 | .57 |
| 8.5 (4.0; 11.0) | 9.0 (4.0; 13.0) | ||||
| (6.1; 9.7) | (6.4; 10.3) | ||||
| n=12 | n=12 | ||||
| Rey complex figure test t | Copying capacity | 25.3 (23.6) | 26.8 (36.3) | 0.07 | .80 |
| 30.0 (-15.0; 62.0) | 48.0 (-28.0; 62.0) | ||||
| (11.1; 39.6) | (4.9; 48.8) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
| Copying time | 48.1 (12.4) | 44.8 (9.2) | 0.30 | .37 | |
| 45.0 (34.0; 81.0) | 48.0 (31.0; 58.0) | ||||
| (40.6; 55.6) | (39.3; 50.4) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
| Immediate recall | 36.7 (13.9) | 40.1 (13.3) | 0.26 | .25 | |
| 42.0 (15.0; 56.0) | 39.0 (15.0; 64.0) | ||||
| (27.9; 45.5) | (32.0; 48.1) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Delayed recall | 34.8 (14.6) | 41.0 (12.3) | 0.46 | .15 | |
| 35.0 (9.0; 56.0) | 43.0 (21.0; 62.0) | ||||
| (25.5; 44.0) | (33.2; 48.8) | ||||
| n=12 | n=12 | ||||
| Recognition* | 31.9 (12.7) | 33.3 (11.8) | 0.11 | .73 | |
| 36.0 (6.0; 55.0) | 30.0 (18.0; 55.0) | ||||
| (24.2; 39.6) | (26.2; 40.4) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
| Coding (WISC-IV) s | Psychomotor processing speed/ implicit learning | 5.2 (3.1) | 5.6 (3.7) | 0.31 | .41 |
| 4.0 (1.0; 11.0) | 5.0 (1.0; 14.0) | ||||
| (3.4; 7.1) | (3.4; 7.8) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
| Controlled oral word association test (COWAT) t | Verbal phonemic fluency | 40.9 (12.7) | 39.8 (13.6) | -0.14 | .92 |
| 37.0 (24.0; 62.0) | 41.0 (23.0; 64.0) | ||||
| (32.8; 49.0) | (31.5; 48.0) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Verbal semantic fluency | 48.0 (14.0) | 45.9 (8.7) | -0.20 | .32 | |
| 49.0 (25.0; 67.0) | 46.0 (33.0; 60.0) | ||||
| (38.6; 57.4) | (40.6; 51.2) | ||||
| n=11 | n=13 | ||||
| Stroop (Incongruent Colour word task) t | Interference | 14.8 (44.3) | 26.1 (21.2) | 0.42 | .16 |
| 34.0 (-106.0; 54.0) | 32.0 (-22.0; 49.0) | ||||
| (-13.3; 43.0) | (13.3; 38.9) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Trail making test s | 4.9 (3.3) | 6.5 (3.5) | 0.51 | .32 | |
| 5.0 (1.0; 10.0) | 7.0 (1.0; 13.0) | ||||
| (2.8; 7.0) | (4.4; 8.7) | ||||
| n=12 | n=13 | ||||
| Picture arrangement (Wechsler nonverbal scale of abilities) t | 47.4 (9.1) | 46.2 (9.2) | -0.12 | .75 | |
| 46.0 (34.0; 69.0) | 44.0 (34.0; 62.0) | ||||
| (41.2; 53.5) | (40.7; 51.8) | ||||
| n=11 | n=13 | ||||
| WISC- IV (4 subtests) t | IQa | 79.9 (8.9) | 81.5 (8.9) | 0.37 | .22 |
| 83.0 (63.0; 90.0) | 84.0 (63.0; 91.0) | ||||
| (74.5; 85.3) | (76.1; 86.9) | ||||
| n=13 | n=13 | ||||
t =T-score: mean=50, SD=10; s =Standard score: mean=100, SD=15. Results for continuous variables are presented as Mean (SD) / Median (Min; Max) / (95% CI for Mean). Effect size expressed as Standardized Response Mean. For comparison over time, a linear nonparametric permutation test for paired observations was used. a Four subtests: Digit span, Similarities, Block design, and Coding B (from Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC-IV]) were used. The sum of the 4 standard scores was converted to IQ scores using the table provided by Sattler; for reference see Supplemental Table 1.