Table 1.
Characteristics of patients with long-term opioid use with a new depression episode (NDE) by antidepressant medication (ADM) adherence status in unweighted data, 2002–2012 (n = 2821)
| Covariates | Overall (n = 2821) |
ADM adherence <80% (n = 1744) |
ADM adherence >80% (n = 1077) |
P | SMD % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid duration at time of NDE, months, n (%) | |||||
| 3–6 | 404 (14.3) | 272 (15.6) | 132 (12.3) | −9.65 | |
| >6 to 12 | 519 (18.4) | 334 (19.2) | 185 (17.2) | 0.017 | −5.11 |
| >12 to 24 | 576 (20.4) | 354 (20.3) | 222 (20.6) | 0.77 | |
| >24 | 1322 (46.9) | 784 (44.9) | 538 (49.9) | 10.02 | |
|
| |||||
| Maximum dose, mg: n (%) | |||||
| 1–50 | 449 (15.9) | 285 (16.3) | 164 (15.2) | −3.04 | |
| 51–100 | 595 (21.1) | 363 (20.8) | 232 (21.5) | 0.704 | 1.79 |
| >100 | 1777 (63.0) | 1096 (62.8) | 681 (63.2) | 0.81 | |
|
| |||||
| Benzodiazepine | 1570 (55.6) | 935 (53.6) | 635 (59.0) | 0.006 | 10.80 |
| Muscle relaxants | 1559 (55.3) | 956 (54.8) | 603 (56.0) | 0.543 | 2.41 |
|
| |||||
| Psychiatric comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 990 (35.1) | 570 (32.7) | 420 (39.0) | 0.001 | 13.21 |
| Other anxietya | 1069 (37.9) | 646 (37.0) | 423 (39.3) | 0.235 | 4.61 |
| Nicotine misuse/dependence | 1761 (62.4) | 1109 (63.6) | 652 (60.5) | 0.104 | −6.29 |
| Alcohol misuse/dependence | 982 (34.8) | 643 (36.9) | 339 (31.5) | 0.004 | −11.38 |
| Any illicit drug misuse/dependence | 997 (35.3) | 684 (39.2) | 313 (29.1) | <0.0001 | −21.55 |
|
| |||||
| Metabolic/cardiovascular comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Diabetes type 2 | 1177 (41.7) | 702 (40.3) | 475 (44.1) | 0.044 | 7.80 |
| Hypertension | 2341 (83.0) | 1425 (81.7) | 916 (85.1) | 0.022 | 8.98 |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 2471 (87.6) | 1502 (86.1) | 969 (90.0) | 0.003 | 11.89 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 628 (22.3) | 377 (21.6) | 251 (23.3) | 0.295 | 4.05 |
| Obesity diagnosis | 1242 (44.0) | 745 (42.7) | 497 (46.2) | 0.075 | 6.91 |
|
| |||||
| Other comorbidities | |||||
| Low testosterone | 263 (9.3) | 146 (8.4) | 117 (10.9) | 0.027 | 8.45 |
| Sleep apnoea | 543 (19.3) | 308 (17.7) | 235 (21.8) | 0.007 | 10.46 |
|
| |||||
| Painful conditions, n (%) | |||||
| Arthritis | 2640 (93.6) | 1632 (93.6) | 1008 (93.6) | 0.987 | 0.04 |
| Back pain | 2612 (92.6) | 1610 (92.3) | 1002 (93.0) | 0.478 | 2.76 |
| Headaches | 1111 (39.4) | 686 (39.3) | 425 (39.5) | 0.947 | 0.27 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 2304 (81.7) | 1433 (82.2) | 871 (80.9) | 0.388 | −3.35 |
| Neuropathic pain | 1467 (52.0) | 890 (51.0) | 577 (53.6) | 0.189 | 5.09 |
|
| |||||
| Maximum pain score, mean (s.d.) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.5 (1.0) | 0.011 | −10.02 |
| High healthcare utilization, n (%) | 1602 (56.8) | 943 (54.1) | 659 (61.2) | <0.001 | 14.44 |
| Age, mean (s.d.) | 48.9 (10.0) | 48.5 (10.2) | 49.7 (9.7) | 0.002 | 11.84 |
| Gender, male: n (%) | 2576 (91.3) | 1590 (91.2) | 986 (91.6) | 0.727 | 1.35 |
| Ethnicity, White: n (%) | 2375 (84.2) | 1406 (80.6) | 969 (90.0) | <0.0001 | 26.63 |
| Insurance, Veterans Health Administration only: n (%) | 2046 (72.5) | 1294 (74.2) | 752 (69.8) | 0.012 | −9.77 |
| Marital status, married: n (%) | 1444 (51.2) | 820 (47.0) | 624 (57.9) | <0.0001 | 22.00 |
Results in bold are significant.
SMD %, standardised mean difference per cent.
a
Other anxiety disorders: panic disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder, anxiety not otherwise specified.
b
Cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease, diseases of pulmonary circulation, other heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, myocardial infarction.