Table 2.
Weighted association of covariates with antidepressant medication (ADM) treatment adherence, weighted by inverse probability of ADM treatment adherence, in patients with chronic opioid use (>90 days) at time of new depression episode (NDE, 2002–2012; n = 2821)
| Covariates | ADM adherence <80% (n = 1744) |
ADM adherence >80% (n = 1077) |
P | SMD % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid duration at time of NDE, months: % | ||||
| 3–6 | 14.2 | 13.7 | −1.38 | |
| >6 to 12 | 18.4 | 18.2 | 0.982 | −0.36 |
| >12 to 24 | 20.4 | 20.7 | 0.57 | |
| >24 | 47.0 | 47.4 | 0.80 | |
|
| ||||
| Maximum dose, mg: % | ||||
| 1–50 | 15.9 | 15.5 | −1.13 | |
| 51–100 | 21.1 | 21.4 | 0.952 | 0.73 |
| >100 | 63.0 | 63.2 | 0.21 | |
|
| ||||
| Benzodiazepine | 55.7 | 55.7 | 0.973 | 0.14 |
| Muscle relaxer | 55.2 | 54.8 | 0.828 | −0.80 |
|
| ||||
| Psychiatric comorbidities, % | ||||
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 34.9 | 34.8 | 0.959 | −0.10 |
| Other anxietya | 37.9 | 38.2 | 0.891 | 0.60 |
| Nicotine misuse/dependence | 62.1 | 61.4 | 0.722 | −1.34 |
| Alcohol misuse/dependence | 34.6 | 34.4 | 0.890 | −0.52 |
| Any illicit drug misuse/dependence | 35.4 | 35.5 | 0.949 | 0.12 |
|
| ||||
| Metabolic/cardiovascular comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes type II | 41.8 | 42.1 | 0.894 | 0.55 |
| Hypertension | 83.0 | 83.3 | 0.864 | 0.72 |
| Cardiovascular diseaseb | 87.6 | 87.8 | 0.887 | 0.52 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 22.0 | 21.7 | 0.834 | −0.77 |
| Obesity diagnosis | 43.8 | 43.9 | 0.957 | 0.26 |
|
| ||||
| Other comorbidities, % | ||||
| Low testosterone | 9.4 | 9.5 | 0.883 | 0.55 |
| Sleep apnoea | 19.0 | 18.6 | 0.773 | −1.13 |
|
| ||||
| Painful conditions, % | ||||
| Arthritis | 93.5 | 93.5 | 0.982 | 0.04 |
| Back pain | 92.5 | 92.6 | 0.901 | 0.34 |
| Headaches | 39.4 | 39.5 | 0.952 | 0.24 |
| Musculoskeletal pain | 81.7 | 81.6 | 0.938 | −0.28 |
| Neuropathic pain | 52.0 | 52.4 | 0.845 | 0.80 |
|
| ||||
| Maximum pain score, mean (s.d.) | 9.6 (0.9) | 9.6 (0.9) | 0.973 | −0.18 |
| High healthcare utilisation, % | 56.7 | 56.7 | 0.993 | −0.06 |
| Age, years: mean (s.d.) | 48.9 (10.3) | 49.0 (9.7) | 0.923 | 0.43 |
| Gender, male: % | 91.2 | 91.3 | 0.967 | 0.14 |
| Ethnicity, White: % | 84.2 | 84.2 | 0.988 | 0.08 |
| Insurance, Veterans Health Administration only, % | 72.7 | 72.8 | 0.963 | 0.13 |
| Marital status, married, % | 51.2 | 51.6 | 0.843 | −5.52 |
SMD %, standardised mean difference per cent.
a
Other anxiety disorders: panic disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder, anxiety not otherwise specified.
b
Cardiovascular disease, hyperlipidaemia, ischaemic heart disease, diseases of pulmonary circulation, other heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, myocardial infarction.