Table 2:

Thermodynamic characteristics of alternative fuels explored [24]

Fuel Property	Ethanol	JP-8	FT
Chemical Formula	C2H5OH	C11H21	C12H25
Molecular Weight [kg/kmol]	46.17	147.83	164.79
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio	8.948	15.105	15.218
Stoichiometric Mixture Fraction, Zst	0.087	0.059	0.061
Specific Heat Capacity* [kJ/(kg-K)]	2.42	1.92	2.73
Thermal Conductivity* [W/(m-K)]	0.179	0.115	0.00935
Kinematic Viscosity* [mm2/s]	1.452	1.646	1.536
Mass Density* [g/cm3]	0.79	0.81	0.76
Freezing Temperature, Tfrz. [K]	158	222.7	218.7
Boiling Temperature, Tb [K]	351	413–573	448–633
Adiabatic Flame Temperature, Tadia. [K]	2195 [62, 63]	2338 [64]	2338 [64]
Heat of Vaporization [kJ/kg]	841	441	339
Heat of Combustion [kJ/g]	27	43	44
Energy Density [kJ/m3]	21.3	34.8	33.4
σ [Å]	4.53 [43]	6.997† [65]	7.482‡ [65]
ϵ/k[K]	362.6 [43]	681.2† [65]	688.9‡ [65]
Binary Diffusion Coefficient, $D_{AB}^{+}$[mm2/s]	153	88	82
Characteristic Diffusion Timescale, ${\tau }_{\text{diff}.,\text{mean}}^{-}$ [ms]	7.0	12.5	13.3
Characteristic Chemical Timescale, ${\tau }_c^{\star }$[ms]	0.184	0.132	0.133

^*Calculated for T ≈ 295 K and P ≈ 101,325 Pa

⁺Calculated for T = (T_adia. + T_b,mean)/2 and P ≈ 101,325 Pa

⁻Estimated using δ_f,mean at θ = 90° for unforced, continually-fed droplet combustion

^⋆Estimated using diffusion flamelet theory presented in [45]

^†For C₁₀H₂₂

^‡For C₁₂H₂₆