Fig 2. Suggested D. saccharalis dispersion routes from its center of origin in the Orinoco Basin, Venezuela, based on historical information about maize dispersal and sugarcane introduction, and the genetic relationships observed in this study.

The neighbor-joining dendogram showing the relationships among D. saccharalis populations based on Nei’s genetic distance. A total of 1,331 SNP loci were used, and confidence of nodes was based on 1,000 bootstraps. On the map, numbers indicate major differentiation events and arrows represent putative routes for dispersal.