Table 3. Adjusted mean scores show effects of randomization on cognitive outcomes at post-intervention and long-term follow-up based on mixed-effect models.
Values show adjusted mean scores for cognitive variables at post-intervention and long-term follow-up time points with 95% confidence intervals shown in parentheses. Columns on the right show p-values reflecting the main effect of time (was there a significant difference in group mean over follow-up visits) and the main effect of group randomization for each variable.
| Post-intervention Adjusted mean (95% CI) | Long-term Follow-up Adjusted mean (95% CI) | p-value | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | ExOnly | Ex+Mod-CR | Ex+High-CR | ExOnly | Ex+Mod-CR | Ex+High-CR | visit | group |
| Model 2 | ||||||||
| EF Composite | 0.190(0.062,0.319) | 0.165(0.049,0.280) | 0.179(0.059,0.298) | 0.150(0.021,0.279) | 0.124(0.006,0.243) | 0.138(0.017,0.260) | 0.1825 | 0.9430 |
| DSC | 44.52(42.22,46.82) | 43.96(41.97,45.96) | 44.07(41.98,46.16) | 46.72(44.44,49.01) | 46.17(44.12,48.21) | 46.27(44.15,48.40) | 0.0008 | 0.9028 |
| Trials B-A | 44.27(33.81,54.72) | 47.78(38.54,57.02) | 39.98(30.35,49.61) | 48.49(38.14,58.83) | 52.00(42.34,61.66) | 44.20(34.23,54.17) | 0.2945 | 0.3834 |
| Stroop Interference | 27.32(23.49,31.16) | 30.54(27.14,33.94) | 28.60(25.10,32.11) | 28.94(25.12,32.76) | 32.15(28.60,35.70) | 30.22(26.59,33.84) | 0.2085 | 0.3278 |
| Semantic Fluency | 20.36(19.03,21.69) | 20.92(19.73,22.11) | 20.88(19.65,22.11) | 19.22(17.90,20.54) | 19.78(18.54,21.01) | 19.74(18.47,21.01) | 0.0166 | 0.7124 |
| Phonemic Fluency | 13.59(12.49,14.68) | 13.04(12.07,14.00) | 12.58(11.58,13.58) | 13.69(12.60,14.78) | 13.14(12.16,14.13) | 12.69(11.67,13.70) | 0.6521 | 0.2915 |
| RAVLT | 48.80(45.54,52.06) | 45.61(42.69,48.53) | 47.65(44.55,50.75) | 51.04(47.79,54.29) | 47.86(44.87,50.85) | 49.89(46.73,53.06) | 0.0095 | 0.2345 |
| MMSE | 27.61(27.05,28.16) | 27.80(27.29,28.30) | 28.36(27.84,28.88) | 28.00(27.45,28.55) | 28.19(27.66,28.71) | 28.75(28.21,29.30) | 0.0881 | 0.0384 |
Model 2 adjusted for Model 1 variables (baseline task performance, age, sex, race, and education) + hypertension status, type 2 diabetes status, and BMI.
No interaction between group and visit was statistically significant.