Table 4.
Inclusion of insulin resistance (Model 3) and cardiorespiratory fitness (Model 4) on the effects of randomization on cognitive outcomes.
| Post-intervention Adjusted mean (95% CI) | Long-term Follow-up Adjusted mean (95% CI) | p-value | p-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcomes | ExOnly | Ex+Mod-CR | Ex+High-CR | ExOnly | Ex+Mod-CR | Ex+High-CR | visit | group |
| Model 3 | ||||||||
| EF Composite | 0.178(0.038,0.318) | 0.254(0.123,0.385) | 0.251(0.124,0.378) | 0.115(−.025,0.256) | 0.192(0.059,0.325) | 0.189(0.060,0.317) | 0.0435 | 0.6445 |
| DSC | 44.29(41.84,46.75) | 45.43(43.23,47.63) | 45.26(43.06,47.46) | 46.21(43.77,48.65) | 47.35(45.10,49.59) | 47.18(44.96,49.40) | 0.0038 | 0.7269 |
| Trials B-A | 43.40(31.59,55.20) | 46.33(35.78,56.88) | 38.60(28.27,48.93) | 49.01(37.32,60.70) | 51.94(40.94,62.95) | 44.22(33.55,54.88) | 0.1847 | 0.4346 |
| Stroop Interference | 27.16(23.00,31.32) | 30.16(26.35,33.97) | 28.58(24.84,32.31) | 28.47(24.31,32.63) | 31.47(27.51,35.43) | 29.89(26.05,33.73) | 0.3338 | 0.5021 |
| Semantic Fluency | 20.59(19.13,22.05) | 21.27(19.93,22.61) | 21.27(19.97,22.57) | 19.21(17.75,20.66) | 19.89(18.50,21.27) | 19.89(18.55,21.23) | 0.0058 | 0.6852 |
| Phonemic Fluency | 13.99(12.81,15.17) | 12.97(11.91,14.03) | 12.53(11.49,13.58) | 14.08(12.90,15.26) | 13.06(11.98,14.14) | 12.63(11.57,13.69) | 0.7118 | 0.1260 |
| RAVLT | 49.11(45.58,52.64) | 45.03(41.74,48.31) | 46.94(43.67,50.22) | 51.39(47.86,54.91) | 47.30(43.95,50.65) | 49.22(45.89,52.55) | 0.0121 | 0.2014 |
| MMSE | 27.66(27.07,28.26) | 27.65(27.08,28.22) | 28.25(27.70,28.80) | 28.04(27.45,28.64) | 28.03(27.44,28.63) | 28.63(28.06,29.20) | 0.1093 | 0.0960 |
| Model 4 | ||||||||
| EF Composite | 0.175(0.041,0.308) | 0.119(−.003,0.242) | 0.146(0.024,0.268) | 0.134(0.001,0.267) | 0.079(−.047,0.205) | 0.105(−.018,0.229) | 0.1884 | 0.7943 |
| DSC | 44.45(42.10,46.80) | 43.58(41.48,45.69) | 43.67(41.55,45.79) | 46.54(44.21,48.87) | 45.67(43.51,47.83) | 45.76(43.60,47.91) | 0.0021 | 0.7834 |
| Trials B-A | 43.70(32.67,54.74) | 47.61(37.72,57.51) | 40.16(30.18,50.14) | 48.79(37.94,59.64) | 52.70(42.29,63.11) | 45.25(34.94,55.55) | 0.2259 | 0.4650 |
| Stroop Interference | 27.33(23.37,31.28) | 31.55(27.95,35.14) | 28.63(25.06,32.20) | 28.89(24.97,32.81) | 33.11(29.34,36.88) | 30.19(26.50,33.88) | 0.2445 | 0.1801 |
| Semantic Fluency | 20.43(19.13,21.73) | 20.49(19.31,21.68) | 20.75(19.56,21.94) | 19.36(18.07,20.64) | 19.42(18.18,20.66) | 19.68(18.45,20.90) | 0.0241 | 0.8913 |
| Phonemic Fluency | 13.35(12.23,14.46) | 12.69(11.69,13.69) | 12.42(11.42,13.43) | 13.48(12.37,14.59) | 12.82(11.79,13.84) | 12.55(11.53,13.57) | 0.5991 | 0.3491 |
| RAVLT | 48.74(45.51,51.96) | 44.11(41.16,47.06) | 47.26(44.26,50.25) | 50.86(47.66,54.07) | 46.24(43.20,49.28) | 49.39(46.32,52.45) | 0.0177 | 0.0561 |
| MMSE | 27.64(27.06,28.23) | 27.80(27.27,28.34) | 28.38(27.84,28.92) | 28.00(27.42,28.58) | 28.16(27.59,28.73) | 28.73(28.17,29.30) | 0.1336 | 0.0533 |
Model 3 adjusted for Model 2 variables + HOMA2-IR change.
Model 4 Model 2 variables + peak VO2 change.