Figure 7.

Hypothesized circuits that mediate reflexive and rational movements and behaviors. [1] Reflexive motor, behavioral and emotional responses or que-based habits are mediated through tonically-inhibited striatal-thalamic-striatal circuits, which are activated by coincident dopamine and glutamate release in response to unexpected sensory input via the [2] spinal cord and thalamus. [3] Motor movements, [4] reward seeking, and [5] action-outcome learning are mediated through the motor, prefrontal and medial prefrontal cortex, respectively. [6] Dopamine release provides motivation to obtain a reward and encodes value.