TABLE 2.
Trauma Cohort Demographics and Outcomes
| Overall | Uncomplicated | Intermediate | Complicated | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 127) | (n = 34, 26.8%) | (n = 49, 38.6%) | (n = 44, 34.7%) | 3 Groups Overall (K–W or Fisher Exact) | |
| Baseline characteristics | |||||
| Age, meanSD | 46±17 | 41±17 | 44±17 | 51±16 | 0.0383* |
| Male sex (n, %) | 88 (69.3) | 25 (73.5) | 32 (65.3) | 31 (70.5) | 0.7145 |
| Race/ethnicity (n, %) | 0.6433 | ||||
| White | 111 (87.4) | 31 (91.2) | 40 (81.6) | 40 (90.9) | |
| Hispanic | 6 (4.7) | 1 (2.9) | 3 (6.1) | 2 (4.6) | |
| African American | 9 (7.1) | 3 (8.8) | 5 (10.2) | 1 (2.3) | |
| American Indian | 2 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (2.3) | |
| Pacific Islander | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | |
| Asian | 3 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 2 (4.6) | |
| Unknown | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0) | |
| BMI, median (25th, 75th) | 26.9 (24.5, 30.9) | 26.2 (24.3, 29.8) | 26.9 (24.5, 32.4) | 26.9 (24.5, 32.4) | 0.4969 |
| Number of comorbidities (n, %) | 0.6967 | ||||
| 0 | 45 (35.4) | 12 (35.3) | 16 (32.7) | 17 (38.6) | |
| 1 | 42 (33.1) | 14 (41.2) | 15 (30.6) | 13 (29.6) | |
| ≥2 | 40 (31.5) | 8 (23.5) | 18 (36.7) | 14 (31.8) | |
| APACHE II, median (25th, 75th) | 23 (17, 29) | 18 (13, 26) | 23 (20, 27) | 26 (19.5, 33) | 0.0006* |
| ISS, median (25th, 75th) | 33 (24, 41) | 24 (17, 29) | 34 (27, 43) | 34 (27, 43) | <0.0001 |
| Injury mechanism (n, %) | 0.0498 | ||||
| Fall | 11 (8.6) | 3 (8.8) | 3 (6.1) | 5 (11.4) | |
| Motor vehicle collision | 109 (85.8) | 26 (76.5) | 46 (93.9) | 37 (84.1) | |
| Other | 7 (5.5) | 5 (14.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.5) | |
| Total transfusion within 24h, median (25th, 75th) | |||||
| PRBC (units) | 4.0 (1.0, 8.1) | 1.0 (0, 4.7) | 4.0 (1.2, 9.2) | 5.3 (2.3, 9.6) | <0.0001* |
| FFP (units) | 1.4 (0, 3.4) | 0 (0, 1.4) | 1.8 (0, 4.3) | 1.5 (0, 4.7) | <0.0001* |
| Total crystalloid (mL) within 24 h | 8520 (6602, 12,229) | 7558 (6061, 8713) | 8722 (6158, 12,229) | 10419.5 (7395.5, 13,543) | 0.0086* |
| Worst base deficit within 24 h | −7.4 (−11.8, −3.8) | −6.4 (−8.1, −3.7) | −7.0 (−11.4, −1.9) | −10.9 (−13.8, −7) | 0.0008* |
| Highest lactate within 24 h | 4.6 (3.2, 6.2) | 3.9, (2.8, 4.8) | 4.8 (3.4, 5.9) | 5.3 (3.3, 7.1) | 0.0146* |
| Lowest ED SBP (mm Hg) | 85 (68, 99) | 91 (76, 113) | 86 (74, 101) | 74 (63.5, 92.5) | 0.0155* |
| Initial ED SBP (mm Hg) | 118 (98, 137) | 122 (109, 145) | 118 (89, 134) | 110 (98, 134) | 0.1889 |
| ER systolic <90 mm Hg (n, %) | 23 (18.1) | 3 (8.8) | 13 (26.5) | 7 (15.9) | 0.1124 |
| Mechanically ventilated (n, %) | 110 (86.6) | 23 (67.7) | 47 (95.9) | 40 (90.9) | 0.0012 |
| Ventilator-free days (28-d) | 3 (2, 6) | 2, (2, 4) | 4, (2, 6) | 3, (1, 8.5) | 0.0261* |
| MOF (n, %) | 19 (15.0) | 0 (0) | 5 (10.2) | 14 (31.8) | <0.0001* |
| Max. Denver MOF score | 1 (0, 2) | 0 (0, 0) | 1 (0, 2) | 2 (0, 3.5) | <0.0001* |
| Time to recovery (TTR)y (d) | 8 (4, 22) | 3 (2, 4) | 8 (6, 11) | 29 (20, 29) | |
| Cardiovascular recovery | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 2) | 2 (1, 14) | |
| Hematologic recovery | 3 (1, 6) | 1 (1, 2) | 5 (2, 6) | 5.5 (2.5, 16.5) | |
| Hepatic recovery | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 1.5 (1, 3) | |
| Renal recovery | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (1, 1) | 2 (1, 25) | |
| Respiratory recovery | 4 (1, 11) | 1 (1, 2) | 5 (3, 8) | 14.5 (2, 22) | |
| Infection source (n, %) Pneumonia | 29 (22.8) | 1 (2.9) | 14 (28.6) | 14 (31.8) | 0.0016* |
| Pseudomembranous colitis | 14 (11.0) | 0 (0) | 8 (16.3) | 6 (13.6) | 0.0261* |
| UTI | 9 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (12.2) | 3 (6.8) | 0.0845 |
| Blood stream infection | 3 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.8) | 0.0577 |
| Empyema | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.6142 |
| Other | 5 (3.9) | 1 (2.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (9.1) | 0.0480* |
| Number of nosocomial infections per patient (n, %) | <0.0001* | ||||
| 0 | 80 (63.0) | 32 (94.2) | 25 (51.0) | 23 (52.3) | |
| 1 | 33 (26.0) | 2 (5.9) | 18 (36.7) | 13 (29.6) | |
| ≥2 | 14 (11.0) | 0 (0) | 6 (12.2) | 8 (18.2) | |
| Hospital length of stay (d) | 18 (12, 25) | 12 (5, 17) | 20 (17, 24) | 20 (12.5, 42.5) | <0.0001* |
| ICU length of stay (d) | 8 (4, 15) | 3.5, (2, 6) | 10 (7, 13) | 15 (4, 23.5) | <0.0001* |
| 28-d mortality (n, %) | 6 (4.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (13.6) | 0.0016* |
| Discharge disposition (n, %) | <0.0001* | ||||
| “Good” disposition | |||||
| Inpatient rehabilitation facility | 22 (17.3) | 5 (14.2) | 11 (22.5) | 6 (13.6) | |
| Home with services | 19 (15.0) | 5 (14.2) | 11 (22.5) | 3 (6.8) | |
| Home | 37 (29.1) | 18 (52.9) | 10 (20.4) | 9 (20.5) | |
| “Poor” disposition | |||||
| SNF | 36 (28.4) | 6 (17.7) | 17 (34.7) | 13 (29.6) | |
| LTAC | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (11.4) | |
| Death (in-hospital) | 7 (5.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (15.9) | |